AQUASTAT
>Percentage of total population with access to an adequate amount of
safe drinking waters (at least 20 litres per day per person). Safe
drinking water is water that does not contain biological or chemical
pathogenic agents at concentration level directly detrimental to
health. It includes treated surface waters and untreated but
uncontaminated water such as that from protected boreholes, springs,
and sanitary wells. Streams and lakes waters should be considered safe
only if the water quality is regularly monitored and considered
acceptable by public health officials. Reasonable access to water means
a water supply in the dwelling or within 15 minutes walking distance. EPA 1
>(Safe water) Water that does not contain harmful bacteria, toxic
materials, or chemicals, and is considered safe for drinking even if it
may have taste, odor, color, and certain mineral problems. FAO 1
>Population with access to drinking water supply- Percentage of
total population with access to an adequate amount of safe drinking
waters (at least 20 litres per day per person).Unit: %. Comment: Safe
drinking water is water that does not contain biological or chemical
pathogenic agents at concentration level directly detrimental to
health. It includes treated surface waters and untreated but
uncontaminated water such as that from protected boreholes, springs,
and sanitary wells. Streams and lakes waters should be considered safe
only if the water quality is regularly monitored and considered
acceptable by public health officials. Reasonable access to water means
a water supply in the dwelling or within 15 minutes walking distance.
Water supply coverage - The percentage of urban and rural population
with access to safe drinking water. The criteria of "access" may vary
between countries. Generally, it includes public water network and
access to a network of collective fountains. Unit: % . HDR
>(Water source, improved, population with sustainable access to) The
share of the population with reasonable access to any of the following
types of water supply for drinking: household connections, public
standpipes, boreholes, protected dug wells, protected springs and
rainwater collection. WB1
>Measured by the number of people who have a reasonable means of
getting and adequate amount of clean water, expressed as a percentage
of the total population. It reflects the health of a country's people
and the country's ability to collect, clean, and distribute water. In
urban areas "reasonable" access means there is a public fountain or
water spigot located within 200 meters of the household. In rural
areas, it implies that members of the household do not have to spend
excessive time each day fetching water. Water is safe or unsafe
depending on the amount of bacteria in it. An adequate amount of water
is enough to satisfy metabolic, hygienic, and domestic requirements,
usually about 20 liters (about 4 gallons) per person per day. Safe water
HDR
>Population with sustainable access to improved Sanitation
facilities -The percentage of the population with access to adequate
excreta disposal facilities, such as a connection to a sewer or septic
tank system, a pour-flush latrine, a simple pit latrine or a ventilated
improved pit latrine. An excreta disposal system is considered adequate
if it is private or shared (but not public) and if it can effectively
prevent human, animal and insect contact with excreta. WB1
>Refers to the share of the population with at least adequate
excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal,
and insect contact with excreta. Suitable facilities range from simple
but protected pit latrines to flush toilets with sewerage. To be
effective, all facilities must be correctly constructed and maintained. Sanitation
DSS2
>Anything that needs to interact with the system to exchange
information. To the system, an actor could be a customer, user,
department, organization, or another system. WGDP
>Actors are individuals, or groups pursuing a shared goal. In most
network analyses, actors are individuals. But they can also be groups,
for instance civil society organizations or political parties. Actors
who hold a prominent position in a network are called central actors.
HCOP
>Analysis of all relevant actors - Various methods for actor
analysis exist. In general there are two types: institutions approaches
(focus on the identification of actors and characterization of these on
some institutional features) and cognitive approaches (aim to
understand and disclose the deeper perceptions and argumentations of
the various actors). Z6
>Actor Analysis can be seen as an approach to managing environmental
issues. These issues are often very complex, because many parties are
involved. All parties have their own interests, goals and strategies.
Actor analysis provides a structured inventory of the parties and their
interests to get an overview. Instead of parties we speak of actors
which comprise both individuals and groups like institutions,
administrative authorities or consumer organisations. All these actors
can change an existing situation by their priorities or value systems.
Z7
>The analysis of options in relation to goals and objectives,
strategies, procedures, and resources by comparing alternatives for
proposed and ongoing programs. It embraces the processes involved in
program planning and program evaluation.
CIG > Permeable water-bearing formation capable of yielding exploitable quantities of water DEP
> A geological formation or group of formations capable of
receiving, storing and transmitting significant quantities of water.
Usually described by whether they consist of sedimentary deposits (sand
and gravel) or fractured rock. EPA 2 > A natural underground layer, often of sand or gravel, that contains water IRR
>Underground geological formation, or group of formations,
containing usable amounts of groundwater that can supply wells or
springs for domestic, industrial, and irrigation uses. Removing more
groundwater from an aquifer than is naturally replenished is called
overdrafting, and can result in a dropping water table, increased
pumping costs, land subsidence (which reduces the future recharge
capacity), saltwater intrusion, reduced streamflows in interconnected
ground- and surface-water systems, and exhaustion of groundwater
reserves. Overdrafting groundwater occurs primarily in the Plains
States and the West. NDWR
> Aquifer - (1) A geologic formation, a group of formations, or a
part of a formation that is water bearing. (2) A geological formation
or structure that stores or transmits water, or both, such as to wells
and springs. (3) An underground layer of porous rock, sand, or gravel
containing large amounts of water. Use of the term is usually
restricted to those water-bearing structures capable of yielding water
in sufficient quantity to constitute a usable supply. (4) A sand,
gravel, or rock formation capable of storing or conveying water below
the surface of the land. (5) A geologic formation, group of formations,
or part of a formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable
material to yield significant quantities of water to wells and springs. UNEP1
>A porous, water-saturated layer of sediment and bedrock under the
Earth's surface; also described as artesian (confined) or water table
(unconfined). USEA
>a geologic formation that will yield water to a well in sufficient
quantities to make the production of water from this formation feasible
for beneficial use; permeable layers of underground rock or sand that
hold or transmit groundwater below the water table. USGS
>A geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation
that contains sufficient saturated permeable material to yield
significant quantities of water to springs and wells.
ECO
>The area of land which all surface run-off flows trough a sequence
of streams, rivers and, possibly, lakes into the sea at a single river
mouth estuary or delta.
EEA >Improving and building the technical and managerial skills and resources within an organisation. FAO3
>1) A process of strengthening or developing human resources,
institutions, or organizations. 2) Encompasses the country's human,
scientific, technological, organizational, institutional and resource
capabilities. A fundamental goal of capacity building is to enhance the
ability to evaluate and address the crucial questions related to policy
choices and modes of implementation among development options, based on
an understanding of environment potentials and limits and of needs
perceived by the people of the country concerned. (UNCED (1992) Agenda
21, Chapter 37.) IDRC
>A group of measures, including training and organizational support,
which improves the performance of personnel in a given sector. SAFFIRE
>Capacity building is a process that involves value added
instruction, the training of trainers, activities with multiplier
effects, and networking. It involves both institutional
capacity-building, as well as human capacity-building. It ensures the
creation of an enabling environment with appropriate policy and legal
frameworks; institutional development, including community
participation (of women in particular); and human resources development
and strengthening of managerial systems.
AQUASTAT >Area of land surface producing runoff . CIG >Area having a common outlet for its surface runoff. DEP >The area of land from which rainfall run-off contributes to a single watercourse, wetland or aquifer EPER
>(1) An area from which surface runoff is carried away by a single
drainage system. (2) The area of land bounded by watersheds draining
into a river, basin or reservoir. HQUA
>Drainage Basin - An area of land, bounded by a divide, in which
water flowing across the surface will drain into a stream or river and
flow out of the area through a specified point on that stream or river.
Synonomous terms are catchment and watershed. Generally a basin is
defined at a regional scale whereas a catchment or a watershed can be
of smaller area. The term catchment is mostly used in Europe, while
watershed is a preferred term in USA. NDWR
>Catchment Area - (1) The intake area of an aquifer and all areas
that contribute surface water to the intake area. (2) The areas
tributary to a lake, stream, sewer, or drain. (3) A reservoir or basin
developed for flood control or water management for livestock and/or
wildlife. See also Drainage Area; Watershed. Catchment Area (Basin) -
The area draining into a river, reservoir, or other body of water. OECD >Catchment area - The area from which rainwater drains into a river, lake or other body of water. POWI >An area of land where run-off from rainfall goes into one river system. SFWMD
>Basin - (Groundwater) A hydrologic unit containing one large
aquifer or several connecting and interconnecting aquifers. (Surface
Water) A tract of land drained by a surface water body or its
tributaries.
CIG
>Synthesis of weather conditions in a given area, characterized by
long-term statistics (mean values, variances, probabilities of extreme
values, etc.) of the meteorological elements in that area. UNEP2
>The sum total of the meteorological elements that characterize the
average and extreme conditions of the atmosphere over a long period of
time at any one place or region of the earth's surface. The collective
state of the atmosphere at a given place or over a given area within a
specified period of time. USEA >generalized weather at a given place on earth over a fairly long period; a long term average of weather.
CIG >Significant change observed in the climate of a region between two reference periods. DEP
>Under the terms of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change, the term means a change of climate which is attributed
directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of
the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate
variability observed over comparable time periods. ECA >(Climate change) The slow variations of climatic characteristics over time at a given place EPA 1
>The term 'climate change' is sometimes used to refer to all forms
of climatic inconsistency, but because the Earth's climate is never
static, the term is more properly used to imply a significant change
from one climatic condition to another. In some cases, 'climate change'
has been used synonymously with the term, 'global warming'; scientists
however, tend to use the term in the wider sense to also include
natural changes in climate. (Global Warming) An increase in the near
surface temperature of the Earth. Global warming has occurred in the
distant past as the result of natural influences, but the term is most
often used to refer to the warming predicted to occur as a result of
increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Scientists generally agree
that the Earth's surface has warmed by about 1 degree Fahrenheit in the
past 140 years. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
recently concluded that increased concentrations of greenhouse gases
are causing an increase in the Earth's surface temperature and that
increased concentrations of sulfate aerosols have led to relative
cooling in some regions, generally over and downwind of heavily
industrialized areas EPER
>Climate change refers to any change in climate over time, whether
due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. This usage
differs from that in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC), which defines 'climate change' as: 'a change of
climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity
that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in
addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods.'
HCOP
>Cognitive mapping is a method of defining relationships between
concepts (not always spatial) involved in a decision-making problem. By
means of cognitive mapping, implicit knowledge (available only in the
participants minds) can be stored, analysed, and presented. A cognitive
map of a problem is created in which causes, effects, measures,
functions, goals and so on are schematised and relationships between
them are defined as arrows. Also called mental map.
FAO3
>Decision analytical framework (DAF) - A coherent set of concepts
and procedures aimed at synthesizing available information from
relevant segments of the given ecosystem management problem in order to
help policy-makers assess consequences of various decision options.
DAFs organize the relevant information in a suitable framework, apply
decision criteria (both based on some paradigms or theories), and thus
identify options that are better than others under the assumptions
characterizing the analytical framework and the application at hand. Z8
>A consistent and comprehensive theoretical framework emerging from
an inductive integration of previous literature, theories, and other
pertinent information. Conceptual framework is usually the basis for
reframing the research questions and for formulating hypotheses or
making informal tentative predictions about the possible outcome of the
study.
FAO3
>Social conflict - When the existing order is perceived as
oppressive or unfair, parties try to meet their needs by destroying
their opposition and by replacing those who make the rules. WGDP
>A conflict is a relationship between two or more actors in which at
least one actor perceives a clash of interests and feels that other
actors are making it difficult for him/her to pursue his/her interests. Z9 >A clash of interest (sometimes escalating to active struggle) between individuals, groups or society
Z10
>Conflict assessment (also known as "convening") helps to identify
the issues in controversy in a given situation, the affected interests,
and the appropriate form(s) of handling the conflict. The assessment
process typically involves conferring with potentially interested
persons regarding a situation involving conflict in order to: assess
the causes of the conflict; identify the entities and individuals who
would be substantively affected by the conflict's outcome; assess those
persons' interests and identify a preliminary set of issues that they
believe relevant; evaluate the feasibility of using a
consensus-building or other collaborative process to address these
issues; educate interested persons on consensus and collaborative
processes so as to help them think through whether they would wish to
participate; and design the structure and membership of a negotiating
committee or other collaborative process (if any) to address the
conflict. Conflict assessment has proven valuable as a first step in
consensus-building processes like negotiated rulemaking and in finding
constructive approaches to resolving environmental conflicts.
Z1
> The terms (Alternative Dispute Resolution) ADR and conflict
resolution are used somewhat interchangeably and refer to a wide range
of processes that encourage nonviolent dispute resolution outside of
the traditional court system. The field of conflict resolution also
includes efforts in schools and communities to reduce violence and
bullying and help young people develop communication and
problem-solving skills. Common forms of conflict resolution include:
Negotiation - is a discussion among two or more people with the goal of
reaching an agreement; Mediation - is a voluntary and confidential
process in which a neutral third-party facilitator helps people discuss
difficult issues and negotiate an agreement. Basic steps in the process
include gathering information, framing the issues, developing options,
negotiating, and formalizing agreements. Parties in mediation create
their own solutions and the mediator does not have any decision-making
power over the outcome. Arbitration - is a process in which a
third-party neutral, after reviewing evidence and listening to
arguments from both sides, issues a decision to settle the case.
Arbitration is often used in commercial and labor/management.
Mediation-Arbitration - is a hybrid that combines both of the above
processes. Prior to the session, the disputing parties agree to try
mediation first, but give the neutral third party the authority to make
a decision if mediation is not successful. Early Neutral Evaluation -
involves using a court-appointed attorney to review a case before it
goes to trial. The attorney reviews the merits of the case and
encourages the parties to attempt resolution. If there is no
resolution, the attorney informs the disputants about how to proceed
with litigation and gives an opinion on the likely outcome if the case
goes to trial. Community Conferencing - is a structured conversation
involving all members of a community (offenders, victims, family,
friends, etc.) who have been affected by a dispute or a crime. Using a
script, the facilitator invites people to express how they were
affected and how they wish to address and repair the harm that
resulted. Collaborative Law - refers to a process for solving disputes
in which the attorneys commit to reaching a settlement without using
litigation. Negotiated Rulemaking - is a collaborative process in which
government agencies seek input from a variety of stakeholders before
issuing a new rule. Peer Mediation - refers to a process in which young
people act as mediators to help resolve disputes among their peers. The
student mediators are trained and supervised by a teacher or other
adult. Z11
>The process of resolving a dispute or a conflict permanently, by
providing each side's needs, and adequately addressing their interests
so that they are satisfied with the outcome.
BC
>The physical control, protection, management, and use of water
resources in such a way as to maintain crop, grazing, and forest lands,
vegetative cover, wildlife, and wildlife habitat for maximum sustained
benefits to people, agriculture, industry, commerce, and other segments
of the national economy. Water conservation measures result in a
reduction in applied water due to more efficient water use such as the
implementation of Best Management Practices (BMP) - Urban Water Use, or
Efficient Water Management Practices (EWMP) - Agricultural Water Use.
The extent to which these actions actually create a savings in water
supply depends on how they affect new water use and depletion DEP
>The management of human use of the biosphere so that it may yield
the greatest sustainable benefit to present generations, while
maintaining its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future
generations. Thus conservation is the positive, embracing,
preservation, maintenance, sustainable utilisation, restoration and
enhancement of the natural environment. EC
>All operations to preserve and rehabilitate habitats, in particular
operations designed to protect or restore biological diversity,
including ecological functions, and at the same time secure the current
and future utility value for mankind ECA >The care, preservation, protection, and wise use of water. EEA
>The management of human use of the biosphere so that many yield the
greatest sustainable benefit to current generations while maintaining
its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generations:
Thus conservation in positive, embracing preservations, maintenance,
sustainable utilisation, restoration and enhancement of the natural
environment. IDRC >Measures taken to safeguard the availability of a source. NDWR
>(1) Increasing the efficiency of energy use, water use, production,
or distribution. (2) The careful and organized management and use of
natural resource, for example, the controlled use and systematic
protection of natural resources, such as forests, soil, and water
systems in accordance with principles that assure their optimum
long-term economic and social benefits. Also, preservation of such
resources from loss, damage, or neglect. SFWMD
>Reducing the demand for water through activities that alter water
use practices, e.g., improving efficiency in water use, and reducing
losses of water, waste of water and water use.
DEP >Involves discussions and participation by the relevant parties, rather than simply giving information. Z12
>An overarching term that refers to the techniques involving a
two-way flow of information that offer options for consideration and
encourage feedback.
AQUASTAT
>Water abstracted which is no longer available for use because it
has evaporated, transpired, been incorporated into products and crops,
consumed by man or livestock, ejected directly to the sea or into
evaporation areas (blind watershed) or otherwise removed from
freshwater resources. Water losses during the transport of water
between the point or points of abstraction and the point or points of
use are excluded. Consumptive water use of a plant - The quantity of
water used by the vegetative growth of a given year in transpiration or
building of the plant tissue and that evaporated from the soil or from
intercepted vegetation on the area in any specific time. It is
expressed in water depth per unit of time ( = consumptive use of
evapotranspiration). BC
> (1) A use which lessens the amount of water available for another
use (e.g., water that is used for development and growth of plant
tissue or consumed by humans or animals).(2) A use of water that
renders it no longer available because it has been evaporated,
transpired by plants, incorporated into products or crops, consumed by
people or livestock, or otherwise removed from water supplies. (3) The
portion of water withdrawn from a surface or groundwater source that is
consumed for a particular use (e.g., irrigation, domestic needs, and
industry), and does not return to its original source or another body
of water. The terms Consumptive Use and Nonconsumptive Use are
traditionally associated with water rights and water use studies, but
they are not completely definitive. No typical consumptive use is 100
percent efficient; there is always some return flow associated with
such use either in the form of a return to surface flows or as a ground
water recharge. Nor are typically nonconsumptive uses of water entirely
nonconsumptive. There are evaporation losses, for instance, associated
with maintaining a reservoir at a specified elevation to support fish,
recreation, or hydropower, and there are conveyance losses associated
with maintaining a minimum streamflow in a river, diversion canal, or
irrigation ditch. 4) Net Consumptive Use - The Consumptive Use
decreased by the estimated contribution by rainfall toward the
production of irrigated crops. Net consumptive use is sometimes called
the Crop Irrigation Requirement. ECA
>(Consumptive use)The difference between the total quantity of water
withdrawn from a source for any use and the quantity of water returned
to the source; e.g., the release of water into the atmosphere; the
consumption of water by humans, animals, and plants; and the
incorporation of water into the products of industrial or food
processing. EEA
>Water abstracted which is no longer available for use because it
has evaporated, transpired, been incorporated into products and crops,
or consumed by man or livestock. Water losses due to leakages during
the transport of water between the point or points of abstraction and
the point or points of use are excluded. FAO3
>1) Occurs when one person's use of a resource prevents others from
using it. For example, the shellfish, finfish, or waterfowl I take in
the LME are unavailable for others to catch. Hence, consumptive use of
natural resources in this sense is like consumptive use of common
private goods exchanged on markets, such as a pizza or a pair of shoes.
2) The reduction in the quantity or quality of a good available for
other users due to consumption. 3) Non -consumptive use - Refers to
cases where one person's enjoyment does not prevent others from
enjoying the same resource. For example, my viewing of marine mammals
in the LME, other wildlife or attractive views does not prevent you
from enjoying the same resources. SFWMD >Use that reduces an amount of water in the source from which it is withdrawn. USEA
>the quantity of water not available for reuse. Evapotranspiration,
evaporation, incorporation into plant tissue, and infiltration into
groundwater are some of the reasons water may not be available for reuse WSM
> Water that is abstracted and not longer available
for use because it has evaporated, transpired, been incorporated into
products and crops, consumed by man or livestock, ejected directly to
the sea, or otherwise removed from freshwater resources.
DEP
>A change in land and/or water quality that produces a noticeable or
detectable detrimental change in its characteristics, which has the
potential to present, a risk of harm to human health or environmental
value. Eg. Surface water becomes contaminated when pollutants
(physical, chemical or microbiological matter) enter the waterbody
directly, through stormwater drainage, or through groundwater and
change its characteristics. ECA
>Impairment of water quality to a degree that reduces the usability
of the water for ordinary purposes or creates a hazard to public health
through poisoning or the spread of diseases FAO3
>Increased presence of substances in the environment as a result of
human activities but with no significant adverse effects. HQUA
>Introduction of any undesirable foreign substance -- physical,
chemical or biological -- into an ecosystem. Does not imply an effect
(see pollution). Usually refers to the introduction of human-produced
substances.
AQUASTAT >Social cost - the total cost to society of an economic activity. EEA >Social costs - The full cost including external cost imposed on society by a given activity. EPA 1
>(Cost Sharing) A publicly financed program through which society,
as a beneficiary of environmental protection, shares part of the cost
of pollution control with those who must actually install the controls.
In Superfund, for example, the government may pay part of the cost of a
cleanup action with those responsible for the pollution paying the
major share. FAO 1
>(Social cost) the total cost to society of an economic activity. FAO3
>Social costs - Costs associated with the disruption of communities,
households, and related social structures resulting in the loss of
human potential.
AQUASTAT >the appraisal of all the social and economic costs and benefits accruing from a decision or project. EPA 1
>A quantitative evaluation of the costs which would have incurred by
implementing an environmental regulation versus the overall benefits to
society of the proposed action FAO 1
>the appraisal of all the social and economic costs and benefits
accruing from a decision or project. FAO3
>Assessment of the direct economic and social costs and benefits of
a proposed project for the purpose of project or programme selection.
The cost-benefit ratio is determined by dividing the projected benefits
of the programme by the projected costs. A programme having a high
benefit-cost ratio will take priority over others with lower ratios. NW
>Cost-benefit analysis is a quantitative method that makes a
detailed comparison of the costs and benefits of a particular measure,
or set of measures (TP8). A decision to fund a project, e.g., can
depend on the ratio of benefits to costs - the higher the ratio, the
more attractive the investment. Its major advantages are its verifiable
bottom line and its familiarity to ministries and planning agencies.
Disadvantages include limitations regarding the ability to directly
address equity considerations and represent non-quantifiable benefits. OECD
>The appraisal of an investment or a policy change that considers
all associated costs and benefits, expressed in monetary terms,
accruing to it. UNEP2
>Benefit-Cost Ratio - (1) The relationship of the economic benefits
of an action to its total costs. (2) An economic indicator of the
efficiency of a proposed project, computed by dividing benefits by
costs; usually, both the benefits and the cost are discounted, so that
the ratio reflects efficiency in terms of the present value of future
benefits and costs. WWC
>an economic analysis of an undertaking, involving the conversion of
all positive and negative aspects into common units (for example money)
in order to compare the total benefits and the total costs.
EPA 1
>(Cost-Effective Alternative) An alternative control or corrective
method identified after analysis as being the best available in terms
of reliability, performance, and cost. Although costs are one important
consideration, regulatory and compliance analysis does not require EPA
to choose the least expensive alternative. For example, when selecting
or approving a method for cleaning up a Superfund site, the Agency
balances costs with the long-term effectiveness of the methods proposed
and the potential danger posed by the site. FAO3
>Minimization of costs in order to achieve a given end, such as the
selection of the alternative(s) with the lowest cost per unit.
DSS1 >The choice of one from among a number of alternatives; a statement indicating a commitment to a specific course of action. EEA
>Means the exercise of agency authority at any stage of an
performance where alterations might be made in the undertaking to
modify its impact upon historic and cultural properties. FAO3
>Decision analysis - A formal analysis to aid decision-making in the
face of uncertainty. A decision analysis usually evaluates the expected
outcomes (e.g., average catch, constancy of catch, probability of
rebuilding to a given biomass target, etc.,) of alternative management
controls. A decision analysis can also address management consequences
under different plausible assumptions about the status of the stock.
DEP
>Decision Scheme - Specifies the way monitoring data are to be
assessed against the environmental quality criteria in order to
determine whether or not a management response is required. FAO3 >Specification of how pre-agreed management actions will respond to perceived or estimated states of nature.
DSS1
>Decision Support Systems (DSS) (Systèmes d'Aide à la Décision) are
a class of computerized information systems that support
decision-making activities. Power (2002) identifies identifies 5 types of DSS: communications-driven, data-driven, document-driven, knowledge-driven and model-driven. DSS are interactive computer-based systems intended to help decision makers use communications, data, documents, knowledge and models to identify and solve problems and make decisions. A decision support "system must aid a decision maker in solving unprogrammed, unstructured (or "semistructured") problems...the system must possess an interactive query facility, with a query language that ...is ...easy to learn and use (Bonczek, Holsapple & Whinston, 1981; p. 19)". DSS help managers/decision makers use and manipulate data; apply checklists and heuristics; and build and use mathematical models. DSS2
>Information system application that provides its users with
decision-oriented information whenever a decision-making situation
arises. When applied to executive managers, these systems are sometimes
called executive information systems (EIS). DSS3
>Computer-based information systems that combine models and data in
an attempt to solve nonstructured problems with extensive user
involvement through a friendly user interface. WWF
>Z2
>DSS Data warehouse containing information specific to management
information needs; designed to contain information necessary to support
management projections and decision making
AQUASTAT
>The programme adopted to achieve effective management of the use of
water resources in order to meet the general objectives of economic
efficiency, environmental conservation, and community and consumer
satisfaction. EEA
>Water demand management refers to the implementation of policies or
measures which serve to control or influence the amount of water used.
Demand-side management - Implementation of policies or measures which
serve to control or influence the demand. IDRC
>1) The process to insure that the proper level of availability of resources to meet the demand which is the amount of a substance (i.e. water) that is required by the users. 2) Any action or management strategy that positively influences use and consumption of water and enhances the overall management of the water resources in a country. POWI >Implementation of policies or measures that serve to control or influence (usually to reduce) demand.
BC
>Degradation (River Beds or Stream Channels) - The general lowering
of the streambed by erosive processes, such as scouring by flowing
water. The removal of channel bed materials and downcutting of natural
stream channels. Such erosion may initiate degradation of tributary
channels, causing damage similar to that due to gully erosion and
valley trenching. 2) Net Depletion - The total water consumed by
irrigation, or another use in an area, which is equal to the water
withdrawn minus the return flow. CIG
>1) Continued withdrawal of water from groundwater or a reservoir at
a rate greater than the rate of replenishment. (2) Reduction of
groundwater storage in an aquifer or of the flow of a stream or spring
caused by discharge exceeding natural replenishment. ECA >Loss of water from surface water reservoirs or groundwater aquifers at a rate greater than that of recharge. EEA
>FAO3
>For renewable resources, the part of the harvest, logging, catch
and so forth above the sustainable level of the resource stock; for
non-renewable resources, the quantity of resources extracted. NDWR
>(1) The water consumed within a service area or no longer available
as a source of supply; that part of a withdrawal that has been
evaporated, transpired, incorporated into crops or products, consumed
by man or livestock, or otherwise removed. (2) Net rate of water use
from a stream or groundwater aquifer for beneficial and nonbeneficial
uses. For irrigation or municipal uses, the depletion is the headgate
or wellhead diversion minus return flow to the same stream or
groundwater aquifer. For agriculture and wetlands, it is the
Evapotranspiration of Applied Water (ETAW) (and Evapotranspiration (ET)
of flooded wetlands) plus irrecoverable losses. For urban water use, it
is the ETAW (water applied to landscaping or home gardens), sewage
effluent that flows to a salt sink, and incidental ET losses. For
instream use, it is the amount of dedicated flow that proceeds to a
salt sink and is not available for reuse.
DEP >PSR - A model adopted by the OECD for reporting state of the environment. It is based on the concept of causality. EEA
>The causal framework for describing the interactions between
society and the environment adopted by the European Environment Agency:
driving forces, pressures, states, impacts, responses (extension of the
PSR model developed by OECD). OECD
>PSR - A framework for the presentation of environmental information in terms of indicators of the pressures that human activities exert on the environment, of the state of the environment, and of society's responses.
ANZECC
>Consumption and production patterns; Population demographics;
Scientific & technological innovation; Economic demand, markets and
trade; Institutional & social-political frameworks; Distribution patterns.
DEP
>Human activities exert pressures on the environment. Human
activities and impacts comprise energy, transport, industry,
agriculture, fisheries and others. EEA
>In the EEA indicator system, pressure indicators describe
developments in release of substances (emissions), physical and
biological agents, the use of resources and the use of land. The
pressures exerted by society are transported and transformed in a
variety of natural processes to manifest themselves in changes in
environmental conditions. NDWR
> Force per unit area. Enclosed fluids exert a force perpendicular
to the surface of the containing vessel. The shape of the container
does not affect the fluid pressure. SAGE
>Physical expression of human activities that could change the
status of the environment in space and time (discharge, abstraction,
environmental changes, etc...).
DEP
>1) An indicator that shows the extent to which society is
responding to environmental changes and concerns; includes changes in
attitude and individual and collective actions aimed at mitigating,
adapting to or reversing negative impacts on the environment and
reversing environmental damage already caused; also includes actions to
improve the preservation and conservation of the environment. 2)
Society responds to this changed state by developing and implementing
policies, which complete the cycle and influence those human activities
that exert pressure on the environment. Societal responses comprise
institutional and individual responses and include legislation,
economic instruments, new technologies, changing community values,
international obligations and others. EEA
>In the EEA indicator system, response indicators refer to responses
by groups (and individuals) in society, as well as government attempts
to prevent, compensate, ameliorate or adapt to changes in the state of
the environment. Some societal responses may be regarded as negative
driving forces, since they aim at redirecting prevailing trends in
consumption and production patterns. Other responses aim at raising the
efficiency of products and processes, through stimulating the
development and penetration of clean technologies.
DEP
>The pressures arising from human activities change the state, or
condition of the environment including air, water, land resources,
biodiversity, human settlements and culture and heritage.
AQUASTAT
>Economic Efficieny - Economic efficiency is the allocation of
resources in the economy that yields an overall net gain to society as
measured through valuation in terms of the benefits of each use minus
its costs. Irrigation Efficieny - The ratio or percentage of the
irrigation water consumed by crops of an irrigated farm, field or
project to the water diverted from the source of supply.It is called
farm irrigation efficiency or farm delivery efficiency when measured at
the farm head-gate; field irrigation efficiency when measured at the
field or plot; and water conveyance and delivery efficiency, or overall
efficiency when measured at the source of supply. BC
>Water Use Efficiency - (1) A measure of the crop production per
unit of water used, irrespective of water source, expressed in units of
weight per unit of water depth per unit area. (2) Marketable crop
production per unit of water consumed in evapotranspiration. The
concept of utilization applies to both Dryland Farming and irrigated
agriculture. DSS3 >The ratio of output to input. Appropriate use of resources. Doing the things right. EEA
>Efficiency indicator - Indicators that relate environmental
pressures to human activities. These indicators provide insight in the
efficiency of products and processes: Efficiency in terms of the
resources used, the emissions and waste generated per unit of output. FAO 1
>Economic efficiency is the allocation of resources in the economy
that yields an overall net gain to society as measured through
valuation in terms of the benefits of each use minus its costs. FAO3
>1) In general, efficiency is the ratio of a system's output (or
production) to input, as in the useful energy produced by a system
compared to the energy put in the system. In ecology, it is the
percentage of useful energy transferred from one trophic level to the
next (as in the ratio of production of herbivores to that of primary
producers). In the context of production, efficiency is the ratio of
useful work performed to the total energy expended, thus avoiding waste
generation. In the context of the allocation of resources, efficiency
is the condition which would make at least one person better off and no
one worse off. This implies that some may get richer and others not
improve their status. 2) Economic Efficiency - A measure of how well
economic inputs (capital, labour, etc.) are combined to produce a given
output. Economic efficiency is maximised when inputs are combined so as
to produce the required output at minimum cost. IDRC >The efficiency of a project in terms of achieving its economic value. NDWR
>(1) A measure of a distribution system's ability to transport and
apply water to a desired effect with a minimum of effort, expense, or
waste. (2) With reference to an irrigation water delivery system, the
proportion of the amount of water delivered for irrigation use compared
to the total amount of water released to meet that delivery (i.e., the
amount of delivery divided by the amount of release). With respect to
irrigation project efficiency, the following terms generally apply: [1]
Canal Efficiency - The volume of water diverted into a canal system
versus total water available for farm headgate deliveries; [2]
Irrigation Efficiency - The percentage of water applied that can be
accounted for in soil moisture increase; and [3] Farm Efficiency - The
amount of water actually required for growing a crop compared to the
amount of irrigation water that is diverted at the farm headgate. SFB 504
>Analysis of efficiency in the context of resource allocation has always been a central concern of economics, and it is an essential element of modern microeconomic theory. The ends of economic activity are the satisfaction of human needs within resource constraints, preferences, and technological constraints. In this broad sense, an efficient use of scarce resources within a given technological environment is one that maximizes the satisfaction of aggregate needs for a given set of preferences. In a narrower sense, efficiency is a commonly agreed upon criterion to compare the economic desirability of different allocations, or states of the economy, and different allocation mechanisms or institutions. The incomparability of economic preferences gives rise to a criterion that is independent of the distributional characteristics of the allocations (or institutions) compared (Pareto efficiency). Whether construed as a general purpose of economic activity, or as a criterion for evaluating different allocations and exchange institutions, efficiency is a purely technical notion that is neither related to justness or equality criteria, nor to any moral or ethic questions of economic activity. Pareto efficiency: An economic allocation is inefficient if there is an alternative allocation in which all agents are better off in terms of their own objective functions (utilities, profits, payoffs); it is said to be Pareto efficient if there is none such alternative allocation. Put differently, in an Pareto efficient state, it is impossible to improve one agent's state without making at least one other agent worse-off. This criterion generalizes the one of a maximal aggregate surplus to situations with incomparable objective functions (preferences). It is weak in that typically entire continua of Pareto efficient states exist; the criterion is therefore important mainly as a negative one, ruling out (institutions leading to) inefficient states as undesirable. With incomplete information about the agents' preferences, the notion of Pareto efficiency is ambiguous. An operational criterion of efficiency then depends on the state of the resolution of uncertainty: different allocations can be compared in terms of their ex-ante, their interim, or their ex-post efficiency. SFWMD
>Irrigation Efficiency - The average percent of total water pumped
or delivered for use that is delivered to the root zone of a plant.
DEP
>Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - An orderly and systematic
process for evaluating a proposal, including its alternatives and its
effect on the environment, and the mitigation and management of those
effects. The process extends from the initial concept of the proposal
through implementation to commissioning and operation and, where
appropriate, decommissioning. EC
>A technique used for identifying the environmental effects of
development projects As a result of Directive 85/337/EEC (as amended
1997), this is now a legislative procedure to be applied to the
assessment of the environmental effects of certain public and private
projects which are likely to have significant effects on the
environment. An EIA requires a scoping study to be undertaken in order
to focus the assessment. This can be carried out in the field or as a
desk study depending on the nature/scale of the project. FAO3
>EIA - A sequential set of activities designed to identify and
predict the impacts of a proposed action on the biogeophysical
environment and on man+s health and well being, and to interpret and
communicate information about the impacts, including mitigation
measures that are likely to eliminate the risks. In many countries,
organisations planning new projects are required by law to conduct EIA. IDRC >A study of possible environmental impacts, usually done before the beginning of a project. WWC
>A detailed study of the environmental consequences of a proposed
course of action. An environmental assessment or evaluation is a study
of the environmental effects of a decision, project, undertaking or
activity. It is most often used within an Integrated Environmental
Management (IEM) planning process as a decision support tool to compare
different options.
FAO3
>1) In a broad sense, the just distribution of resources, rights,
duties, opportunities, and obligations in society at large, i.e. social
justice. In an applied sense at micro level, as for example in the
sharing of fisheries resources, an allocation rule based on the
concepts of parity, proportionality and priority. 2) Term used for the
administration of justice according to principles of fairness and
conscience, balancing the hardships in those cases where legal remedies
and monetary damages would not suffice. 3) Fairness of rights,
distribution, and access. Depending on context, this can refer to
resources, services, or power. 4) Intergenerational Equity -
Inter-generational equity is the principle by which each generation
utilises and conserves the stock of natural resources (in terms of
diversity and carrying capacity) in a manner which does not compromise
their use by future generations. 5) Intergenerational Equity - Issue of
sustainable development referring, within the environmental context, to
fairness in the intertemporal distribution of the endowment with
natural assets or of the rights to their exploitation. Z3
>Equity is a term whose meaning depends very much on the context. In general, you can think of equity as ownership in any asset after all debts associated with that asset are paid off. For example, a car or house with no outstanding debt is considered the owner's equity since he or she can readily sell the items for cash. Stocks are equity because they represent ownership of a company, whereas bonds are classified as debt because they represent an obligation to pay and not ownership of assets.
ECO
>Refers to the process of assessing and comparing the relative
values (in the broadest sense) of one or more courses of action.
Monetary valuation - Estimation in monary terms of the value of
environmental services and goods.
BC
>NDWR
>Full Cost (USBR) - A water rate defined by Congress in the
Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 intended to represent the federal
government's actual cost in providing project water to irrigators. The
full-cost rate for each project or district is calculated by amortizing
the expenditures for construction properly allocable to irrigation
facilities in service, including all operation and maintenance deficits
funded, less payments, over such periods as may be required under
federal reclamation law or applicable contract provisions. Interest on
all charges accrues from October 12, 1982, on costs outstanding at that
date or from the date incurred of costs arising subsequent to October.
The term Full-Cost Rate means the full-cost charge plus actual
operation, maintenance, and replacement costs. EPA 1
>(Cost recovery) A legal process by which potentially responsible
parties who contributed to contamination at a Superfund site can be
required to reimburse the Trust Fund for money spent during any cleanup
actions by the federal government. IDRC >The fee or amount charged to recover expenditures incurred. WWC
>Full-cost pricing users pay the full cost of obtaining, collecting,
treating, and distributing water, as well as collecting, treating, and
disposing of wastewater.
AQUASTAT >the social construction of biological femaleness and maleness;what it means to be a woman or a man in cultural context FAO3 >Refers to the qualitative and interdependent character of women's and men's position in society. GWA
>Gender is the culturally specific set of characteristics that
identifies the social behaviour of women and men and the relationship
between them. Gender, therefore, refers not simply to women or men, but
to the relationship between them, and the way it is socially
constructed. Because it is a relational term, gender must include women
and men. Like the concepts of class, race and ethnicity, gender is an
analytical tool for understanding social processes (Status of Women,
Canada, 1996).
AQUASTAT
>Gender analysis is a tool to assist in strengthening development
planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation; to make programmes
and projects more efficient and relevant. Ignoring gender issues and
the resulting gender-blind development strategies has caused many
development programmes and projects to fail in reaching their principal
goals as well as the desired benefits to the target population and has
sometimes led unintended negative impacts. Those, who actually should
be involved in activities which a programme or project aims to address.
Comment AQUASTAT> Within the UN system, gender analysis has been
established as a basic requirement for the mainstreaming strategy. The
current situation of rural women and men in relation to different
issues/problems and the impact of agricultural and rural development
policies, legislation, and projects and programmes on women and men
respectively - and on the relations between them - should be analysed
before any decisions are made. Gender analysis should go beyond
cataloguing differences to identifying inequalities and assessing
relationships between women and men. Gender analysis helps us to frame
questions about women and men's roles and relations in order to avoid
making assumptions about who does what, when and why. The aim of such
analysis is to formulate development interventions that are better
targeted to meet both women's and men's needs and constraints FAO3
>A tool to assist in strengthening development planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation; to make programmes and
projects more efficient and relevant. GWA
>Gender Analysis is a systematic way of looking at the different
roles of women and men in development and at the different impacts of
development on women and men. Essentially, gender analysis asks the
'who' question: who does what, has access to and control over what,
benefits from what, for both sexes in different age groups, classes,
religions, ethnic groups, races and castes? Gender analysis also means
that in every major demographic, socio-economic and cultural group,
data are separated by sex and analysed separately by sex. A gender
focus - that is looking at males and females separately, is needed in
every stage of the development process. One must always ask how a
particular activity, decision or plan will affect men differently from
women, and some women or men differently from other women and men (Rani
Parker, 1993). Looking at how water management tasks are divided across
the sexes and age groups shows for example on which aspects water
projects need to work with women or with men, as within families,
different categories of women, and men, tend to have different tasks,
decision-making power and knowledge (van Wijk, 1998). Gender Equality
means that women and men enjoy the same status. Gender equality means
that women and men have equal conditions for realizing their full human
rights and potential to contribute to national, political, economic,
social and cultural development, and to benefit from the results.
Gender equality is therefore the equal valuing by society of both the
similarities and differences between women and men, and the varying
roles that they play as for example the different roles of women and
men in water resources management. Gender Equity is the process of
being fair to women and men. To ensure fairness, measures must often be
available to compensate for historical and social disadvantages that
prevent women and men from otherwise operating on a level playing
field. Equity leads to equality. In the water sectors gender equity
often requires specific policies that focus on the technical capacity
development of women and the hiring and promotion of women in water
resources management to address their historical disadvantage in
decision making in these sectors.
AQUASTAT
>Bringing an awareness of gender inequities into hitherto insulated
decision-making arenas. Comment AQUASTAT> Gender mainstreaming in
FAO involves ensuring that attention to gender equality is a central
part of all agricultural and rural development interventions, including
analyses, policy advice, advocacy, legislation, research, and the
planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of programmes and
projects. Gender mainstreaming has been defined by the Economic and
Social Council (ECOSOC) Agreed Conclusions, 1997/2 of 18 July 1997, as
"a strategy for making women's, as well as men's, concerns and
experiences an integral dimension in the design, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political,
economic and social spheres so that women and men benefit equally and
inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender
equality" FAO3
>A strategy for making women's, as well as men's, concerns and
experiences an integral dimension in the design, implementation,
monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political,
economic and social spheres so that women and men benefit equally and
inequality is not perpetuated. The ultimate goal is to achieve gender
equality. GWA
>Gender Mainstreaming is the process of accessing the implications for women and men of any planned action, including legislation, policies and programmes in all areas and at all levels.It is a strategy for making women's as well as men's concerns and experiences an integral dimension of the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres, so that women and men benefit equally and inequality is not perpetuated.The ultimate goal is to achieve gender equality [by transforming the mainstream] (ECOSOC, 1997, emphasis added). WWC
>Incorporation of gender perspectives into water resource management strategies requires attention to the complex relationship between productive
and domestic uses of water resources, to the importance of participation in decisionmaking for all (women and men), and to the equitable distribution of benefits from improved infrastructure and management systems for all (SIDA 1997).
DSS1
>A computerized system that represents data using maps. Spatial DSS
built using GIS help people access, display and analyze data that have
geographic content and meaning. Spatial DSS can be data or model driven DSS. EEA
>Group of principles, methods, instruments and geo-referenced data
used to capture, store, extract, measure, transform, analyse and map
phenomena and processes in a given geographic area. FAO3
>1) A computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating,
manipulating, analysing and displaying data related to positions on the
Earth's surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System (or
Spatial Information System) is used for handling maps of one kind or
another. These might be represented as several different layers where
each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature
is linked to a position on the graphical image of a map. 2) A computer
system for storage, analysis and retrieval of information, in which all
data are spatially referenced by their geographic coordinates (north,
east). In addition to primary data, such as climatic and soil
characteristics, a GIS can be used to calculate derived values, such as
erosion hazard, forest yield class, or land suitability for specified
land-use types. Data are usually derived from maps and derived values
can be printed out as maps.
SAGE
>Good surface water status*: the status achieved by a surface water body when both its ecological status and its chemical status are at least "good" . Good ecological status*: status of a body of surface water, classified in accordance with WFD standards (cf. annex V of the WFD). Good surface water chemical status*: the chemical status required to meet the environmental objectives for surface waters established in Article 4(1)(a), that is the chemical status achieved by a body of surface water in which concentrations of pollutants do not exceed the environmental quality standards established in Annex IX and under Article 16(7), and under other relevant EU legislation setting environmental quality standards. Good groundwater status*: the status achieved by a groundwater body when both its quantitative status and its chemical status are at least "good" . Good groundwater chemical status*: the chemical status of a body of groundwater, which meets all the conditions set out in table 2.3.2 of Annex V. Good quantitative status: the status defined in table 2.1.2 of Annex V. (Good ecological potential): the status of a heavily modified or artificial water body, classified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Annex V.
DEP
>Environmental Planning - The identification of desirable objectives
for the physical environment, including social and economic objectives,
and the creation of administrative procedures and programs to meet
those objectives ECO
>Refers to the process whereby elements in society wield power and
autorithy, and influence and enact policies and decisions concenrning
public life and sustainability. It is a broader notion than government,
whose principal elements include the constitution, legislature,
executive and judiciary. Governance involves intereaction between these
formal institutions and those of civil society. MNWRU
>Water Governance - Refers to the range of political, social,
economic and administrative systems that are in place to regulate the
development and management of water resources and provision of water services at different levels of society. OECD > The way that a corporation or government organises and carries out its economic, political and administrative authority. POWI
>The process by which stakeholders articulate their interests, their input is absorbed, decisions are taken and implemented, and decision-makers are held accountable. Water governance: The range of political, organizational and administrative processes through which communities
articulate their interests, their input is absorbed, decisions are made and implemented, and decision makers are held accountable in the development and management of water resources and delivery of water services. WWC
>Governance means setting policy to guide an activity and then
making sure that the money, people and institutions to do the work are
in place. It also means making sure that people are accountable for the
work they do, monitoring what happens and making new plans to carry the
work forward.
BC
>In general, any water that exists beneath the land surface, but
more commonly applied to water in fully saturated soils and geologic
formations. CIG >Subsurface water occupying the saturated zone.
EPER
>All water which is below the surface of the ground in the
saturation zone and in direct contact with the ground of the soil. FC100 >Water under the ground in aquifers. HQUA >The water present in interconnected pores located below the water table. IDRC >Water occupying the saturated zone under the ground surface NDWR
>Ground Water, also Groundwater - (1) Generally, all subsurface
water as distinct from Surface Water; specifically, the part that is in
the saturated zone of a defined aquifer. (2) Water that flows or seeps
downward and saturates soil or rock, supplying springs and wells. The
upper level of the saturate zone is called the Water Table. (3) Water
stored underground in rock crevices and in the pores of geologic
materials that make up the earth's crust. Ground water lies under the
surface in the ground's Zone of Saturation, and is also referred to as
Phreatic Water. SAGE
>A subsurface layer or layers of rock or other geological strata of
sufficient porosity and permeability to allow either a significant flow
of water or the abstraction of significant quantities of water. SFWMD >Water beneath the soil surface, whether or not flowing through known and definite channels. UNEP2
>The supply of fresh water found beneath the earth's surface
(usually in aquifers) that is often used for supplying wells and
springs. USEA
>Water within the earth that supplies wells and springs; water in
the zone of saturation where all openings in rocks and soil are filled,
the upper surface of which forms the water table. USGS >In the broadest sense, all subsurface water; more commonly that part of the subsurface water in the saturated zone.
DEP
>Environmental Impact - Represents an effect on the environment that
leads to changes in its condition. Depending on the nature of the
activity causing the impact, it may have either beneficial or adverse
environmental outcomes. EC
>Cumulative Impacts - The impacts (positive and negative, direct and
indirect, long-term and short-term impacts) arising from a range of
activities throughout an area or region, where each individual effect
may not be significant if taken in isolation. Such impacts can arise
from the growing volume of traffic, the combined effect of a number of
agriculture measures leading to more intensive production and use of
chemicals, etc. Cumulative impacts include a time dimension, since they
should calculate the impact on environmental resources resulting from
changes brought about by past, present and reasonably foreseeable
future actions. Potential impacts - Impacts which could occur in the
absence of appropriate design modifications or preventative measures.
Predicted impacts - Those impacts which are predicted as a consequence
of the development, although the nature and severity of their effect
will be conditioned by the scope of the mitigation. Ssecondary/induced
impacts - Those impacts which occur, in addition to the initial
impacts, due to a development e.g. building a road may result in the
subsequent building of a petrol station.
Impact Matrix - A multi-dimensional diagram used to show the effects of
policy, plan, programme and project activities on components of the
environment (i.e. soil, air, water, flora and fauna).Socio-cultural
Impacts - A form of socio-economic impacts which includes life styles,
quality of life, social prob-lems e.g. crime, illness and divorce; and
community stress and conflict, particularly due to integration with
incoming populations.
Socio-economic Impacts - The outcome of the interaction between the
characteristics of the project/development action and the
characteristics of the 'host' environment e.g. employment, housing,
schools, health services. FAO3 >Direct effect of socio-economic activities and natural events on the components of the environment. NW >Impacts are the detrimental and beneficial consequences of climate change on natural and human systems SAGE >Effects of pressures on the status of surface water and groundwater. USGS >A change in the chemical, physical, or biological quality or condition of a water body caused by external sources
ANZECC >Measurement parameter or combination of parameters that can be used to assess the quality of water EEA
>Pollution indicator - Organisms, mostly plants, which are most
sensitive to slight changes in environmental factors. When identified
their reaction can serve as an early warning of the endangerment of the
health of a community. Environmental indicator - A parameter or a value
derived from parameters that describe the state of the environment and
its impact on human beings, ecosystems and materials, the pressures on
the environment, the driving forces and the responses steering that
system. An indicator has gone through a selection and/or aggregation
process to enable it to steer action.Sectoral indicator - Sectoral
indicators show links between the activities of societal sectors
(transport, energy, forestry, etc.) and the environment. As well a
sector's absolute burden on the environment and the development in its
eco-efficiency, sectoral indicators deal with a sector's development in
size and character and its specific responses to environmental
problems. Sectoral indicators can be used to describe progress made in
individual sectors, but they also serve to compare sectors. State
indicator - Indicator for the condition of different environmental
compartments and systems in physical (e.g. temperature), chemical (e.g.
atmospheric CO2 concentrations) or biological (fish stocks)
variables.Environmental headline indicator - An indicator in a very
limited set of indicators (maximum 10), selected by policy-makers with
the advice of information providers. The purpose of environmental
headline indicators is to provide simple and clear information to
decision-makers and the general public about progress in environmental
policies and the key factors determining the state of the environment
and whether we are moving towards environmental sustainability. The
indicators should be designed to reach the headlines of
newspapers.Efficiency indicator - Indicators that relate environmental
pressures to human activities. These indicators provide insight in the
efficiency of products and processes: Efficiency in terms of the
resources used, the emissions and waste generated per unit of output.
Social indicator - Social indicators are set of indicators that measure
progress towards the policy objectives designed for promoting
employment, combating poverty, improving living and working conditions,
combating exclusion, developing human resources, etc. Social indicators
are also part of Sustainable development indicators as well as the
Lisbon strategy. Regarding the Lisbon strategy the role of social
indicators is ' to describe the present situation and main challenges
for poverty and social exclusion policies in the EU, provide a launched
for strengthening policies and programmes across the EU - covering the
key aspects of monetary poverty, such as level, persistence, depth,
changes through time, as well as the key breakdowns by gender, age,
household types and occupation, the multidimensional aspect of poverty
in the areas of employment, housing, health and education - areas to
which Member States have devoted a particular attention in their
National Action Plans against poverty and social exclusion'. Proxy
indicator -
Proxy data: data used to study a situation, phenomenon or condition for
which no direct information - such as instrumental measurements - is
available. Sustainable development indicators - Sustainable development
indicators are indicators that measure progress made in sustainable
growth and development. They can provide an early warning, sounding the
alarm in time to prevent economic, social and environmental damage.
They are also important tools to communicate ideas of sustainable
development. Indicators for monitoring progress towards sustainable
development are needed in order to assist decision-makers and
policy-makers at all levels and to increase focus on sustainable
development. Beyond the commonly used economic indicators of
well-being, however, social, environmental and institutional indicators
have to be taken into account as well to arrive at a broader, more
complete picture of societal development. A core set of 58 indicators
and methodology sheets are now available for all countries to use. This
core set was adopted by the Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
at its Third Session in April 1995. FAO3
>1) A variable, pointer, or index. Its fluctuation reveals the
variations in key elements of a system. The position and trend of the
indicator in relation to reference points or values indicate the
present state and dynamics of the system. Indicators provide a bridge
between objectives and action. 2) Signals - of processes, inputs,
outputs, effects, results, outcomes, impacts, etc. - that enable such
phenomena to be judged or measured. Both qualitative and quantitative
indicators are needed for management learning, policy review,
monitoring and evaluation. 3) In Biology, an organism, species or
community whose characteristics show the presence of specific
environmental conditions, good or bad . In plant breeding an indicator
gene is one which is expressed phenotypically to help identify the gene
presence in a cross (e.g.: flower colour).
DSS3 >Data that are organized in a meaningful way. NDWR
>Information - (Data Analysis) The synthesis and manipulation of
Data through various analytical, tabular, graphical, presentation, or
other techniques into a format that readily lends itself to hypothesis
testing, planning, and decision making. The fundamental distinction
between the data and the information is that the data represents the
original observations of an event, characteristic, or phenomenon
whereas information represents the transformation of that data,
possibly along with the combination of other relevant data and/or other
information, into formats that may be used for decision-making
purposes.
FAO3
>1) The process of bringing together separate components as a
functional whole that involves coordination of interventions. 2) In
ICAM, integration may take place at three levels, system, functional
and policy; systems integration refers to the physical, social and
economic linkages of land and water uses and ensures that all relevant
interactions and issues are considered; functional integration ensures
that programmes and projects are consistent with ICAM goals and
objectives; and policy integration ensures that management actions are
consistent with other development and policy initiatives.
FAO 2
> GWA
>A process that promotes the co-ordinated development and management of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. MNWRU
>A dynamic process of devising and promoting alternative and coordinated sequences of development and management interventions in water, land and related resources, and selecting the sequences or activities that will optimize the achievement of economic and social well being of all stakeholders in an equitable manner and at the same time ensuring the sustainability of the ecosystem. NDWR
>Integrated (Water) Resource Planning (IRP) - A comprehensive,
interdisciplinary approach to water resource planning that encompasses
water resource assessment, demand considerations, analysis of
alternatives, risk management, resource diversity, environmental
considerations, least-cost analysis, multidimensional modeling, and
participatory decision making and public input, among other factors.
Integrated Resource Planning begins with specific policy objectives
that are applied to extensive lists of options for water supply
sources, distribution systems, or other operational requirements. The
options are then narrowed after evaluating demand requirements,
environmental impacts, conservation options, costs, risks, and other
aspects of a project. IRP involves a dynamic process of assessing
demand and supply conditions and creatively integrating alternatives
and new technologies. While the concepts of IRP are relatively new to
the process of water planning, it has been used extensively in the
energy industry. As a planning process it helps decision makers select
the best mix of water resources, facilities, and conservation measures
to meet water demands. In addition to traditional planning techniques,
IRP also [1] Includes extensive public involvement; [2] Considers both
supply-side (resources and facilities) and demand-side (conservation)
alternatives as ways of meeting demands; [3] Considers goals and
objectives in addition to dollar costs (e.g., environmental concerns,
public acceptability, etc.); [4] Considers uncertainty in demand
forecasts, regulations, etc.; and [5] Considers the effect of water
rates on water demands. SAFFIRE
>IWRM is a process which can assist countries in their endeavour to
deal with water issues in a cost-effective and sustainable way. It is a
participatory planning and implementation process, based on sound
science, which brings together stakeholders to determine how to meet
society's long-term needs for water and coastal resources while
maintaining essential ecologial services and economic benefits. It is
only recently that the importance of looking at watershed management
has been recognised and a conscious effort made to coordinate
activities and actions to effectively manage and regulate land use that
impact watersheds. Watersheds vary greatly in terms of water yield,
geological characteristics, and the activities that they support both
on-site and downstream. The relationship between proper management and
long-term results, including erosion, flooding, water quality and
production, and wildlife habitat is crucial. Water management policies
that conserve fundamental resources while providing for the needs of
people and ecosystems, lie at the core of the watershed management
approach. The criticality of incorporating gender perspectives in water
management and community development programmes lie in the fact that
decision-making processes always start at home and at the individual
level. Power structures not-with-standing, most of the decisions at the
household level are taken by women, and directly affect the household
to which she belongs. Also, benefits accrued from education and
awareness building programmes targeted at women, are ploughed back to
the family and household. An effective gender-sensitive policy creates
the right conditions for the delivery of resources to women, the
provision of cost-effective and complementaty services, and mainstreams
gender issues within larger developmental policies. Implementation of
any water policy, programme, project and plan comes down to the same
common denominator - education and awareness building. Effective timely
and targeted education and awareness lies at the core of
operationalizing water actions, especially at the local level. There
has been a changing vocabulary in water management - from 'simple'
concepts such as community participation, to expanded issues such as
capacity building, informed consent, public choice, decision-making,
awareness building, governance, decentralization, local autonomy, and
information disclosure. Education and awareness building, therefore, is
about understanding the causes and effects, of positive and negative
aspects, of global and local issues, of immediate and long-term issues,
and of direct and indirect impacts. WWC
>Philosophy that holds that water must be viewed from a holistic
perspective, both in its natural state and in balancing competing
demands on it-agricultural, industrial, domestic, and environmental.
Management of water resources and services needs to reflect the
interaction between these different demands, and so must be coordinated
within and across sectors. If the many cross-cutting requirements are
met, and if there can be horizontal and vertical integration within the
management framework for water resources and services, a more
equitable, efficient, and sustainable regime will emerge (Global Water
Partnership, Framework for Action 1999).
AQUASTAT
>1) Planned development, distribution and use of water resources, in
accordance with predetermined objectives and with respect to both
quantity and quality of the water resources. 2) It is the specific
control of all human intervention on surface and subterranean water.
Every planning activity that has something to do with water can be
looked upon as water management in the broadest sense of the term. 3 -
One of the branches of national economy dealing with integration of all
the activities aimed at a systematic control of the interrelation
between water and society, with the main purpose of decreasing damages
caused by water on the one hand and exploiting it on the other hand in
a technically and economically optimal way. BC
>Water Resource Management - The decision-making, manipulative, and
non-manipulative processes by which water is protected, allocated, or
developed.(1) (General) Application of practices to obtain added
benefits from precipitation, water, or water flow in any of a number of
areas, such as irrigation, drainage, wildlife and recreation, water
supply, watershed management, and water storage in soil for crop
production. Includes Irrigation Water Management and Watershed
Management. (2) (Irrigation Water Management) The use and management of
irrigation water where the quantity of water used for each irrigation
is determined by the water-holding capacity of the soil and the need
for the crop, and where the water is applied at a rate and in such a
manner that the crop can use it efficiently and significant erosion
does not occur. (3) (Watershed Management) The analysis, protection,
development, operation, or maintenance of the land, vegetation, and
water resources of a drainage basin for the conservation of all its
resources for the benefit of its residents. Watershed management for
water production is concerned with the quality, quantity, and timing of
the water which is produced. (4) Adaptive Management - A process for
implementing policy decisions as an ongoing activity that requires
monitoring and adjustment. Adaptive management applies scientific
principles and methods to improve resource management incrementally as
managers learn from experience and as new scientific findings and
social changes demand. CIG >Planned development, distribution and use of water resources. DEP
>The actions taken to remove or reduce acceptable levels an adverse
impact or the risk of adverse impact on human health or the
environment. NRM: Defined as the ecologically sustainable management of
land, water and biodiversity resources of the State for the benefit of
existing and future generations, and for the maintenance of the life
support capability of the biosphere. It does not include mineral or
marine resources in the context in which it is commonly used in WA. ECA
>The study, planning, monitoring, and application of quantitative
and qualitative control and development techniques for long-term,
multiple use of the diverse forms of water resources. FAO 2
>Water-use plan - Sets out how water is to be managed, defines
operating boundaries, recognizes environmental, social and economic
values, and sets basis for compliance NDWR
>Water management (1) (General) Application of practices to obtain
added benefits from precipitation, water, or water flow in any of a
number of areas, such as irrigation, drainage, wildlife and recreation,
water supply, watershed management, and water storage in soil for crop
production. Includes Irrigation Water Management and Watershed
Management. (2) (Irrigation Water Management) The use and management of
irrigation water where the quantity of water used for each irrigation
is determined by the water-holding capacity of the soil and the need
for the crop, and where the water is applied at a rate and in such a
manner that the crop can use it efficiently and significant erosion
does not occur. (3) (Watershed Management) The analysis, protection,
development, operation, or maintenance of the land, vegetation, and
water resources of a drainage basin for the conservation of all its
resources for the benefit of its residents. Watershed management for
water production is concerned with the quality, quantity, and timing of
the water which is produced. USEA
>Sustainable mgt - method of exploiting a resource that can be
carried on indefinitely. Removal of water from an aquifer in excess of
recharge is, in the long term, not a sustainable management method. WWC
>Applying measures to ensure the equitable distribution of a
resource to meet needs and the limitation of total consumption to
sustainable levels.
BC
>Water Planning - Water planning is an analytical planning process
developed and continually modified to address the physical, economic,
and sociological dimensions of water use. As a planning process it must
assess and quantify the available supply of water resources and the
future demands anticipated to be levied upon those resources. Based
upon this continuous supply and demand evaluation, water planning must
also give direction for moving water supplies to points of use while
encouraging users to be good and effective stewards of available water
resources. The water planning process requires constant re-evaluation
and updating to address changing social, political, economic, and
environmental parameters. While the ultimate objective of such efforts
is typically the development of a comprehensive, publicly-supported
Water Plan, it is also critical to develop and maintain a comprehensive
and viable water planning process that covers various aspects of water
resource development, transport, water treatment, allocation among
various competing uses, conservation, waste-water treatment, re-use,
and disposal. EEA
>Environmental management plan - An action plan or system which
addresses the how, when, who, where and what of integrating
environmental mitigation and monitoring measures throughout an existing
or proposed operation or activity. It encompasses all the elements that
are sometimes addressed separately in mitigation, monitoring and action
plans. SAGE
>Adopted at the level of each district by the end of 2009, the Management Plan lists the selected water quality and quantity objectives for 2015. It defines the provisions and action priorities (for measures, as defined in the Directive - see "Programme of measures") to be implemented to achieve the assigned objectives. In France, the provision required by the Directive under the Management Plan will be integrated into the SDAGE (which already covers the issues concerned by the Directive). As a result, a revision of the SDAGE shall be necessary. UNEP1
>(Integrated resource planning) The management of two or more
resources in the same general area, such as water, soil, timber,
grazing land, fish, wildlife and recreation.
AQUASTAT >Planned used of watersheds (river basins) in accordance with predetermined objectives. BC
>Watershed Management - (1) The planned manipulation of one or more
factors of the natural or disturbed drainage so as to effect a desired
change in or maintain a desired condition of the water resource. (2)
The analysis, protection, development, operation or maintenance of the
land, vegetation and water resources of a drainage basin for the
conservation of all its resources for the benefit of its residents.
Watershed management for water production is concerned with the quality
and timing of the water which is produced. Also referred to as Water
Management and Basin Management. Watershed Planning - The formulation
of a plan, based on the concept of a Watershed, a Water Basin, a
Hydrologic Region, or a Hydrologic Study Area (HSA), with the intent to
assess climatological conditions, inventory existing ground and surface
water resources, determine current water uses, project future
socioeconomic and environmental demands for those resources, and
explore feasible water-balancing options, so as to maximize the
benefits to the inhabitants of a study area while simultaneously
preserving and protecting the region's wildlife, habitat, and
environmental conditions. DEP
>Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) - The coordinated planning,
use and management of water, land, vegetation and other natural
resources on a river or groundwater catchment basis. ICM is based on
cooperation between community groups and government agencies at all
levels to consider all aspects of catchment management.
ECO
>A decision aid method based on the analysis of a number of
alternatives, taking into account conflicting interests and multiple
criteria, usually including economic, social and environmental factors. FAO3
>A set of techniques used to solve problems which involve several
objectives being considered simultaneously. In the context of
integrated land-use planning and management, MCDA techniques are
applied to analyse various land-use scenarios considering
simultaneously several objectives such as maximizing revenues from crop
and livestock production, minimizing costs of production and
environmental damage from erosion. The method includes techniques for
ranking, rating, and pair-wise comparisons
FAO3
>A simplified representation of reality used to simulate a process,
understand a situation, predict an outcome, or analyse a problem. A
model can be viewed as a selective approximation, which, by elimination
of incidental detail, allows some fundamental aspects of the real world
to appear or be tested.
BC
>(1) Sampling and analysis of air, water, soil, wildlife, and other
conditions, to determine the concentrations of contaminants. (2)
(Ecology) The component of Adaptive Management in which information is
collected to track system behavior and its response to management DEP
>1. Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine the
level of compliance with statutory requirements and/or pollutant levels
in various media or in humans, plants and animals. Monitoring programme
means all actions taken and equipment used for the purpose of detecting
or measuring quantitatively or qualitatively the presence, amount or
level of any substance, characteristic, noise, odour, electromagnetic
radiation or effect ; 2. The gathering of information. May involve
observing or measuring change and is often the raw material or data
used for evaluation. For eg., a community group may monitor the
survival rate of newly planted seedlings each month over a two year
period. EC
>A combination of observation and measurement for the performance of
a plan, programme, or measure, and its compliance with environmental
policy and legislation and amenity, utilities, rights of way,
communications and structures of architectural merit. ECA
>(Environmental monitoring) The process of checking, observing, or
keeping track of something for a specified period of time or at
specified intervals. EPA 1
>Testing that water systems must perform to detect and measure
contaminants. A water system that does not follow EPA's monitoring
methodology or schedule is in violation, and may be subject to legal
action. EPER
>(1) A combination of observation and measurement for the
performance of a plan, programme or measure, and its compliance with
environmental policy and legislation. (2) The provision of the
necessary information about progress of implementation of a project,
plan, etc. in order to ensure that project management and co-operation
partners are able to follow the implementation of the projects and if
necessary adjust activities, inputs and budgets, in order to obtain the
objectives laid down for the project. HQUA
>Periodic or continuous sampling to determine the status of an
environmental variable or parameter. The results are taken into account
in decisions regarding the environmental protection and management. NDWR
>(1) Sampling and analysis of air, water, soil, wildlife, and other
conditions, to determine the concentrations of contaminants. (2)
(Ecology) The component of Adaptive Management in which information is
collected to track system behavior and its response to management. NW
>Monitoring is a mechanism or mechanisms used to track progress in
the implementation of an adaptation strategy and its various components
in relation to established targets USGS
>A. The repeated measurement of some parameters to assess the
current status and changes over time of the parameters measured
(USFWS). B. Periodic or continuous surveillance or testing to determine
the level of compliance with statutory requirements and (or) pollutant
levels in various media or in humans, animals, and other living things
BC
>Nonconsumptive water use includes water withdrawn for use that is
not consumed, for example, water withdrawn for purposes such as
hydropower generation. This also includes uses such as boating or
fishing where the water is still available for other uses at the same
site. The terms Consumptive Use and Nonconsumptive Use are
traditionally associated with water rights and water use studies, but
they are not completely definitive. No typical consumptive use is 100
percent efficient; there is always some return flow associated with
such use either in the form of a return to surface flows or as a ground
water recharge. Nor are typically nonconsumptive uses of water entirely
nonconsumptive. There are evaporation losses, for instance, associated
with maintaining a reservoir at a specified elevation to support fish,
recreation, or hydro-power, and there are conveyance losses associated
with maintaining a minimum streamflow in a river, canal, or ditch. EC
>Recreation, tourism, religious ceremonies, research, education,
etc. In general, consumptive uses have greater negative impacts on
habitats, but the intensity of human use is the determining factor, and
even non-consumptive uses, such as mass tourism, can have negative
impacts (BDP 2000). USEA
>Using water in a way that does not reduce the supply. Examples
include hunting, fishing, boating, water-skiing, swimming, and some
power production.
DEP
>An end towards which efforts are directed, something aimed at ; 2.
The specific aims of the project (eg. 'to install fencing along both
sides of the river section by 30 June 2002'). For evaluation purposes,
objectives should be SMART ; Specific ; Measurable - given available
resources ; Achievable - preferably within the time frame of the
project and within 5 years ; Relevant - to the projects over-all vision
and goals ; and Timeframed. Ideally, the objectives used for the
evaluation exercise to assess the projects level of success should be
all or some of those defined for the overall river restoration project.
Z15 >From verbal diagnosis to computer models, all possible types of dialogue between the researcher and the stakeholder are considered as participatory modelling processes with varying degrees of formality. In all cases, a representation is built, shared, and formalized in a particular form: “unconscious” models (purely verbal participatory diagnosis, expert cognitive representations of the situation, etc.), and more explicit models (maps, information systems, computer models, etc.).
Z16 >Participatory modelling is a technique developed in ESRC-funded work in the UK, uses community mapping exercises in urban centres to produce spatial representations of local knowledge about air pollution and related problems of noise and odour.
Z17
>Participatory modelling is increasing steadily in importance because of opportunities to obtain new; kinds of information, perspectives on validation and implementation of social learning. The concept of participation is spreading towards modelling processes. It uses a wide range of approaches, however, differing notably in relation to timing and involvement of stakeholders in the design process. The inclusion of stakeholders in the design process might alter the usual notion of authorship as well as ownership or appropriation of these models.
FAO3
>The course of action for an undertaking adopted by a government, a
person or another party. Instruments that exist to support policy and
tools used to achieve policy objectives include some or all of the
following: societal instruments, economic and command-and-control
instruments, direct government involvement and institutional and
organizational arrangements.
DEP >Producers of pollution and waste should bear the real cost of cleaning up the pollution. EC
>The concept that the cost measures, needed to improve a polluted
environment to an acceptable state, should be reflected in the cost of
goods and services, which cause pollution in production and/or
consumption. FAO 2
>The idea that the person or organization that causes pollution should pay to put right the damage that it causes. Environmental damage may include land and water pollution but also damage to the biodiversity of any protected species or habitat. FAO3
>1) The PPP states that the cost of pollution prevention and control
measures should be reflected in the cost of goods and services which
cause pollution. 2) Principle according to which the polluter should
bear the cost of measures to investigate and reduce pollution according
to the extent of either the damage done to society or the exceeding of
an acceptable level (standard) of pollution. IDRC >Approach by which a fine is given to the person or company responsible for the pollution. OECD
>The principle that polluter should bear the expenses of carrying out pollution prevention and control measures decided by public authorities, to ensure that the environment is in an acceptable state (i.e. costs of these measures should be reflected in the cost of goods and services which cause pollution).
BC
>Generally, the presence in water of enough harmful or objectionable
material to damage the water's quality. More specifically, pollution
shall be construed to mean contamination of any waters such as will
create or is likely to create a nuisance or to render such waters
harmful, detrimental or injurious to public health, safety or welfare,
or to domestic, municipal, commercial, industrial, agricultural,
recreational, or other legitimate uses,
or to livestock, wild animals, birds, fish or other aquatic life,
including but not limited to such contamination by alteration of the
physical, chemical or biological properties of such waters, or change
in temperature, taste, color or order thereof, or the discharge of any
liquid, gaseous, radioactive, solid or other substances into such
waters. More simply, it refers to quality levels resulting from man's
activities that interfere with or prevent water use or uses. DEP
>Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, chemical,
biological, thermal or radioactive properties of any part of the
environment by discharging, emitting or depositing wastes or substances
so as to affect any beneficial use adversely; to be hazardous or
potentially hazardous to public health, safety or welfare; or to be
detrimental to flora or fauna or endangered species. 2) Pollutant - Any
matter or thing that could have the potential to alter, directly or
indirectly, the environment to the detriment of the environmental
values. ECA
>Industrial and institutional wastes and other harmful or
objectionable material in sufficient quantities to result in a
measurable degradation of the water quality. EPA 1
>Generally, the presence of a substance in the environment that
because of its chemical composition or quantity prevents the
functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental
and health effects.Under the Clean Water Act, for example, the term has
been defined as the man-made or man-induced alteration of the physical,
biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of water and other
media. EPER >Pollutant - Individual substance or group of substances as listed in Annex A 1 of the EPER Decision. HQUA
>The discharge, directly or indirectly, of compounds from sources
into the aquatic environment in such quantity as to pose risks to human
health, living resources or to aquatic ecosystems, damage to amenities
or interference with other legitimate uses of water. IDRC >Generally, the presence in water of enough harmful or objectionable material to damage the waters quality. NDWR
>(1) Any alteration in the character or quality of the environment
which renders it unfit or less suited for certain uses. With respect to
water, the alteration of the physical, chemical, or biological
properties by the introduction of any substance that adversely affects
any beneficial use. (2) Adverse and unreasonable impairment of the
beneficial uses of water even though no actual health hazard is
involved. Under the Clean Water Act (CWA), for example, the term is
defined as the manmade or man-induced alteration of the physical,
biological, chemical, and radiological integrity of water. SAFFIRE
>Water pollution is a complex issue - from the source of poluution
to its impacts, both short-term and long-term on human and other
species that depend on water. Point and non-point sources of pollution
have a profound impact on the degree of pollution, and many times the
actual causes are hidden behind more 'visible' causes. Understanding
these causes-behind-causes is critical in developing appropriate
responses to reduce pollution. Broad-based awareness of the sources and
impacts of pollution - involving a number of stakeholders on the water
continuum - is also important to effect lasting solutions. Resources
specific to river pollution are aslo included - River pollution is a
result of a complex combination of processes that reduce overall river
water quality. Acid rain, industrial pollution, agricultural pollution
contribute to river pollution, but so do everyday activities that drain
untreated pollutants and leachate into rivers and streams.
Transportation has a role to play too - where carbon and
one-drop-at-a-time 'oil spills' can also cause pollution through storm
run-off. A holistic and integrative understanding of the cause-effect
cycles of river pollution is an effective starting point to improve
river water quality. USGS
>Pollutant - Any substance that, when present in a hydrologic system
at sufficient concentration, degrades water quality in ways that are or
could become harmful to human and/or ecological health or that impair
the use of water for recreation, agriculture, industry, commerce, or
domestic purposes.
DEP
>Where there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental
damage, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a
reason to postpone measures to prevent environmental degradation. In
the application of the precautionary principle, public and private
decisions should be guided by: - careful evaluation to avoid, wherever
practicable, serious or irreversible damage to the environment; and -
an assessment of the risk-weighted consequences of various options.
This provides an approach for considering the environmental impacts of
a proposal on biodiversity values where there is a lack of knowledge
and lack of scientific certainty. A useful methodology for applying the
precautionary principle is that of Deville and Harding (1997). EC
>A decision to take action, based on the possibility of significant
environmental damage, even before there is conclusive, scientific
evidence, that the damage will occur. FAO3
>The approach whereby any possible risk associated with the
introduction of a new technology is avoided, until a full understanding
of its impact on health, environment etc. is available. Particularly
applied to the release of genetically modified organisms, since unlike
many technologies, these cannot be recalled if problems arise. MNWRU
>The concept that lack of scientific certainty should not be used as an excuse for postponing action where there is a risk of serious or irreversible environmental harm being done.
OECD
>Precaution - Action taken in the face of unresolved uncertainty,
especially if the costs of inaction are potentially both high and
irreversible.
SFB 504
>A statement of preference is a statement of judgement. It is subjective in the sense that it expresses somebody´s preference of something over something else. It is relative because something is preferred over something else, and because subject´s pure preferences may change over time (the latter could be viewed as a change of taste). In a narrow sense, the concept of preferences as used by economists can be understood in terms of consumer preferences over consumption goods. The consumer´s preferences order the set of consumption bundles available to him. (A consumption bundle is a combination of all available commodities that are consumed, where the share of each commodity can either be zero or have some positive value.) The expression xPy means that the consumer prefers some bundle x over a bundle y, i.e., the consumer thinks that the bundle x is at least as good as the bundle y. Accordingly, preferences can be understood as a mathematical relation on the set of available consumption bundles. The following properties of this relation are assumed to hold: The preference relation is complete (i.e., any two bundles can be compared), reflexive, and transitive. The assumption of transitivity is required for any discussion of preference maximization; if preferences were not transitive, there might be sets of bundles which had no best elements. Additionally, certain continuity assumptions may be required. Given these properties of preferences over consumption bundles, a utility function can be shown to exist. In experimental studies, however, transitivity has repeatedly been shown to be violated (see Tversky (1977) or Goldstone, Medin & Halberstadt (1997)).
DSS2
>The activity of identifying the problem, understanding the problem
(including causes and effects), and understanding any constraints that
may limit the solution.
ECO
>In broad terms refers to any of the seveal mechanisms (processes
and tools) intentionally designed for involving lay public adnd/or
stakeholders (the two groups toghether are often referred to as
interested parties) in decision-making. FAO3
>The active involvement of resource stakeholders in decisions
relating to development activities and impacts in order to encourage
community self-determination and to foster sustainable development. IDRC >PIM - A management structure wherein users of irrigation water have an input into the management of the system UN-HABITAT
>(Participatory urban governance) The relative degree to which citizens are involved in local policy development, planning, programming, budgeting, service delivery and monitoring. Z13
>A social process whereby specific groups with shared needs, often but not always living in a defined geographic area, actively pursue identification of their needs, make decisions and establish mechanisms to meet these needs. Community members' participation in a program or activity can be thought of in terms of a continuum from minimal to very high. At the low end, community members may attend an event such as a health fair that has been planned and carried out by health service providers. At the higher end, community members may identify the need for family planning methods and information, petition the ministry of health to request services and supplies, train local community members to distribute methods and manage their own supplies fund and inventory, etc. WB2 >A process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them. It is a process which can improve the quality, effectiveness and sustainability of projects and strengthen ownership and commitment of government and stakeholders Z5
>According to Article 14 of the Water Framework Directive, the involvement of the general public is prescribed at various different points, including preparation of the management plan and the programme of measures. This is designed, firstly, to ensure that the local knowledge of the (expert) public is incorporated into the management plan, and secondly, to act as a control in order to verify the plausibility of the evaluation and the choice of measures. This is of particular significance when determining the economic costs, when weighing up various different decision-making parameters, and when coordinating with other planning instruments.
ANZECC
>the implementation of checks on the success of quality control
(e.g. replicate samples, analysis of samples of known concentration) ECO
>In environmental policies related isues, the maintenance of quality
depends on an open dialogue among all those affected, where quality is
understood as a contextual property of scientific information. The
involvement of the relevant social actors (stakeholders, etc) is
suggested as a transversal element to ensure the quality of the whole
evaluation procedures in river basin governance. HQUA
>Quality assurance (QA) is defined as protocols and guidelines to
support good application of models in water management. QA in the
modelling process has the two main components: (1) QA in development of
model codes; and (2) QA in relation to application studies. Z4
>Quality Assurance (QA) is defined by NRC (1990) as the procedural and operational framework used by an organization managing the modelling study to assure technically and scientifically adequate execution of all tasks included in the study and to assure that all the modelling-based analysis is reproduced and defensible.
AQUASTAT
>Natural resources that, after exploitation, can return to their
previous stock levels by natural processes of growth or replenishment.
Non renewable water resources - They are not replenished at all or, for
a very long time by nature. Generally, they are aquifer sources which
have a negligible rate of recharge on the human scale (<1%) and thus
can be considered non renewable. In practice, this essentially concerns
aquifers with large stocking capacity in relation to the average annual
volume being discharged, of which a large proportion is said to be
"fossil". They are normally expressed either in terms of volumes or
extractable flow for a set period of time, while renewable resources
are always a measure of flow. DEP
>NON - Are resources like coal and oil which, although they will be
renewed in several million years time, are for all practical purposes
non-renewable and can only be exploited once. We classify these
resources as exhaustible because we are extracting and using them at a
much faster rate than the geological time scale on which they were
formed. ECA
>(non-renewable resources) Natural resources that can be used up
completely or else used up to such a degree that it is economically
impractical to obtain any more of them; e.g., coal, crude oil, and
metal ores. FAO 1
>(Non renewable water resources) are not replenished at all or, for
a very long time by nature. Generally, they are aquifer sources which
have a negligible rate of recharge on the human scale (<1%) and thus
can be considered non renewable. In practice, this essentially concerns
aquifers with large stocking capacity in relation to the average annual
volume being discharged, of which a large proportion is said to be
"fossil". They are normally expressed either in terms of volumes or
extractable flow for a set period of time, while renewable resources
are always a measure of flow. FAO3
>RNR - Natural resources that, after exploitation, can return to
their previous stock levels by natural processes of growth or
replenishment. Conditionally renewable resources are those whose
exploitation eventually reaches a level beyond which regeneration will
become impossible. Such is the case with the clear-cutting of tropical
forests. NDWR
>Renewable (Natural) Resource - Natural resources that continuously
can be replenished in the course of natural events within the limits of
human time. OECD
>A resource that is capable of being replenished through natural processes (e.g., the hydrological cycle) or its own reproduction, generally within a time-span that does not exceed a few decades. Technically, metal-bearing ores are not renewable, but metals themselves can be recycled indefinitely. Non renewable source - A resource with a more or less finite initial endowment that can be depleted over time. UNEP1
>Natural resources that have the capacity to be naturally replenished despite being harvested (e.g., forests, fish). The supply of natural resources can, in theory, never be exhausted, usually because it is continuously produced. WB1
>Able to be replaced or replenished, either by the earth's natural
processes or by human action. Air, water, and forests are often
considered to be example of renewable resources. However, due to local
geographic conditions and costs involved, strong arguments can be made
that water may not be a completely renewable resource in some parts of
the world, especially in developing countries or in areas with limited
groundwater supplies. Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of
non-renewable resources. WSM
>(Actual external renewable water resources) Part of the external
water resources that is available, taking into consideration the
quantity of flows reserved to upstream and downstream countries through
formal or informal agreements or treaties. WWC
>Renewable water resources - the portion of rainfall that enters
into streams and recharges groundwater. Non Renewable ressources -
resource that has a finite stock and either cannot be reproduced once
it is used or lost, or cannot be reproduced within a time span relevant
to present or future generations
BC
> NDWR
>Water that does not contain harmful bacteria, toxic materials, or
chemicals, and is considered safe for drinking even if it may have
taste, odor, color, and certain mineral problems. WB1
>Water that is safe for drinking and bathing including treated
surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water, such as from
springs, sanitary wells, and protected boreholes.
AQUASTAT
>Sanitation - Improvement of environmental conditions in household
that affect human health by means of drainage and disposal of sewage
and refuse. EPER >Disposal of household and industrial wastewater, excreta, and so on. WB1
>Maintaining clean, hygienic conditions that help prevent disease
through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal.
Sanitation facilities - Basic sewerage and drainage systems that
collect waste water and then clean and redistribute it.
EEA
>Intervention scenarios (in the context of environmental studies)
depict the future consequences of policy interventions. In other words,
they describe the future state of society and the environment under
influence of directed environmental policies. Intervention scenarios
are also known as 'pollution control' or 'mitigation' or 'policy'
scenarios. EPER
>Story about the future with a logical plot and narrative governing
the manner in which events unfold. A possible course of events leading
to a resulting state of the world (or image of the future), not a
forecast or projection. FAO3
>A plausible and often simplified description of how the future may
develop, based on a coherent and internally consistent set of
assumptions about key driving forces (e.g., rate of technology change,
prices) and relationships. Scenarios are neither predictions nor
projections and sometimes may be based on a “narrative storyline.”
Scenarios may be derived from projections but are often based on
additional information from other sources. NW
>Scenario is a plausible and often simplified description of how the
future may develop, based on a coherent and internally consistent set
of assumptions about driving forces and key relationships. Scenarios
may be derived from projections, but are often based on additional
information from other sources, sometimes combined with a “narrative
storyline” (IPCC, 2001) (TP6). See also reference scenario. Reference
scenario - It is an internally coherent description of a possible
future without consideration of climate change. Depending on a
project's needs and design, APF users may choose to develop reference
scenarios, or future baselines, that represent future conditions in the
priority system, in the absence of climate adaptation (TPs 1 and 6).
Additional scenarios, in which various adaptations are applied, may
also be developed and compared with reference scenarios to evaluate the
implications of different adaptation strategies, policies and measures.
Reference scenarios differ from project baselines in that they deal
with the longer term and are used for informing policy decisions
concerned with various development pathways at the strategic planning
level.
DSS1 >Running a decision model several times with different inputs so a modeler can analyze the alternative results. EC
>The analysis of the effects on an appraisal of varying key
assumptions and variables, It examines the extent to which they alter
the overall conclusion FAO3
>1) In project analysis: An analytical technique to deal with
uncertainty about future events and values. It consists of varying one
element (e.g. rainfall, market price), or a combination of elements,
and determining the effect of those changes on the outcome of a
project. In economic analysis, the effect of the changes on a measure
of project value is calculated. 2) In modelling, the process of testing
the sensitivity of model results in relation to errors and
uncertainties in the input parameters. For example, a Virtual
Population Analysis might be used to determine the fishing mortality
rates over several years. The results might be conditioned on an
assumed annual natural mortality rate (M) of 0.2. The Sensitivity of
this assumption might be examined by redoing the virtual population
analysis based upon a different M, perhaps M=0.15 to 0.3. From the
sensitivity analysis one can determine the importance of particular
parameters to the overall scientific advice.
DEP
>The waste matter that passes through sewers: Conduit through, on or
under any street or other land, whether public or private, for the
carriage of any sewage or wastewater, and includes any part of such a
conduit but does not include a conduit that is a property sewer. HQUA
>Sewage refers to waste water or rainwater originating from, or
accompanying, domestic, industrial or commercial activities (excluding
farming). NDWR >The liquid waste from domestic, commercial, and industrial establishments. WB1 >Refuse liquids or waste matter carried off by sewers.
WGDP
>Actors who are linked by social relationships form a social
network. Alongside governmental institutions, it is often the central
actors of informal networks who are important political
decision-makers. Unlike statutory organizations, informal networks are
almost always invisible. Social networks are highly dynamic, meaning
that alliances and central actors or their positions may change quickly. Z18
>Social network analysis is the study of structure. It involves relational datasets. That is, structure is derived from the regularities in the patterning of relationships among social entities, which might be people, groups, or organisations. Social network analysis is quantitative. It has a long history in sociology and mathematics and it is creeping into health research as its analytical methods become more accessible with user friendly software. See Wellman for an overview of the concept of the social network and a history of network analysis.
BC
>(Planning) Individuals and organizations with an interest in a
particular area, issue or project. Stakeholders may include public
agencies at all levels (i.e., federal, state and local), non-profit
organizations, private landowners, industry, and others. DEP
>1. One who has an interest in a project or who may be affected by
the project ; 2. Stakeholders are those people directly or indirectly
impacted on or involved in the river restoration project activities.
The community group working on the project is also considered a
stakeholder. DSS2
>Any person who has an interest in an existing or new information
system. Stakeholders can be technical or nontechnical workers. EC
>A relevant interest group. Stakeholder involvement - The provision
of institutional structures for the involvement of representatives of
all parties affected by biodiversity or its loss in processes for
determining its management (OECD, 1998) EEA >An institution, organisation, or group that has some interest in a particular sector or system. EPA 1
>Any organization, governmental entity, or individual that has a
stake in or may be impacted by a given approach to environmental
regulation, pollution prevention, energy conservation, etc. FAO 2
>An institution, organization, or group that has some interest in a particular sector or system. Also: individuals and constituencies contributing, either voluntarily or involuntarily, to wealth-creating activities, and who are therefore potential beneficiaries and/or risk bearers of its operations FAO3
>1) A large group of individuals and groups of individuals
(including governmental and non-governmental institutions, traditional
communities, universities, research institutions, development agencies
and banks, donors, etc.) with an interest or claim (whether stated or
implied) which has the potential of being impacted by or having an
impact on a given project and its objectives. Stakeholder groups that
have a direct or indirect "stake" can be at the household, community,
local, regional, national, or international level. 2) An actor having a
stake or interest in a physical resource, ecosystem service,
institution, or social system, or someone who is or may be affected by
a public policy. 3) Any person or group with a legitimate interest, for
instance in the utilization, conservation and management of
resources.4) Primary stakeholder - A stakeholder who is directly
affected (positively or negatively) by proposed
interventions/policies.5) Secondary stakeholder who is indirectly
affected by proposed interventions/policies. GWA
>Stakeholders are those who have an interest in a particular
decision, either as individuals or as representatives of a group. This
includes people who influence a decision, or can influence it, as well as those affected by it IDRC >One who has a share or an interest in an enterprise. NDWR
>Individuals and organizations with an interest in a particular
area, issue or project. Stakeholders may include public agencies at all
levels (i.e., federal, state and local), non-profit organizations,
private landowners, industry, and others. NW
>Stakeholders are those who have interests in a particular decision,
either as individuals or as representatives of a group. This includes
people who influence a decision, or can influence it, as well as those
affected by it. OECD
> Somebody who has a "stake" or interest in a public policy,
programme or, in some uses of the term, a corporation's activities.
FAO3
>An approach to understanding a system through the identification of
all key actors or stakeholders, and describing their specific
interests, motivations, and associations relating to that system. Z19 >Stakeholders include all individuals and groups who are affected by, or can affect, a given operation. Stakeholders can be individuals, interest groups or corporate organizations. Stakeholder analysis is a prerequisite for understanding poverty and social impacts. It responds to the question: which interests matter in policy reform? The analysis identifies people, groups and organizations that should be taken into account when conducting impact analysis for a particular policy, by examining their interests and influence on policy. The basic output is the identification and analysis of groups that a policy is designed to help, as well as those whose assent or involvement is required to make the policy work.
BC
>(Ecosystem) Management practices that do not take more from an
ecosystem than it can provide. Theoretically, sustainable management
practices can continue in perpetuity, since they do not lead to
exhaustion of natural resources. EPA 1 >(Ecological/Environmental Sustainability) Maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations FAO 2
> Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. Encompasses, e.g. keeping population densities below the carrying capacity of a region, facilitating the renewal of renewable resources, conserving and establishing priorities for the use of non-renewable resources, and keeping environmental impact below the level required to allow affected systems to recover and continue to evolve FAO3
>1) Ability to persist in the long-term. Often used as a “short
hand” for sustainable development. 2) Characteristic of resources that
are managed so that the natural capital stock is non-declining through
time, while production opportunities are maintained for the future. IDRC
>Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. NDWR
>Management practices that do not take more from an ecosystem than
it can provide. Theoretically, sustainable management practices can
continue in perpetuity, since they do not lead to exhaustion of natural
resources. UN-HABITAT
>Meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs; keeping the consumption of natural resources, material and energy within regeneration and substitution limits; polluting the air, land and water only within limits that can be comfortably tolerated by people, buildings, wildlife and plants. WWC
>Environmental sustainability - the ability of an activity to
continue indefinitely, at current and projected levels, whilst
maintaining or substituting for social, cultural and natural resources
required to meet present and future needs.
Z20
>Analysis of the ability of a system of any kind to endure and be healthy over the long term. A "sustainable society" is one that is healthy, vital, resilient, and able to creatively adapt to changing conditions over time. Sustainable Seattle, a pioneering effort in the field, defined it as "the long-term health and vitality of cultural, economic, environmental and social systems."
BC
>Describes those efforts to guide economic growth, especially in
less-developed countries, in an environmentally sound manner, with an
emphasis on natural resource conservation. EC
>Development such that the needs of the present are met, without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(WCED, 1987). ECA
>Development that ensures that the use of resources and the
environment today does not restrict their use by future generations. FAO 2
> Sustainable development - Development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet
their own needs FAO3
>1) Management and conservation of the natural resource base, and
the orientation of technological and institutional change in such a
manner as to ensure the attainment of continued satisfaction of human
needs for present and future generations. Such sustainable development
conserves (land) water, plants and (animal) genetic resources, is
environmentally non-degrading, technologically appropriate,
economically viable and socially acceptable.2) Development that meets
the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs NDWR
>Describes those efforts to guide economic growth, especially in
less-developed countries, in an environmentally sound manner, with an
emphasis on natural resource conservation. Sustainable Management - A
method of exploiting a resource that can be carried on indefinitely. OECD
> A development path along which the maximisation of human
well-being for today's generations does not lead to declines in future
well-being UNEP1 >Development that ensures that the use of resources and the environment today does not compromise their use in the future. WB1
>Development that meets the needs of the people today without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. WWC
>in the context of this policy sustainable development is defined as
development which seeks to integrate environmental, social and economic
concerns, now and in the future, and to keep within the carrying
capacity of the environment. The focus is on ensuring that
environmental sustainability, health and safety are not compromised,
and that natural and cultural resources are not endangered. Sustainable
development must ensure that the direction of investments, the
orientation of technological developments and institutional mechanisms
work together towards the goal of the sustainable use of environmental
resources in a way and at a rate that will meet present and future
needs. Sustainable development requires that particular attention be
given to addressing the needs of previously disadvantaged communities.
BC
>Sustainable Management - A method of exploiting a resource that can
be carried on indefinitely. For example, the removal of water from an
aquifer in excess of recharge is, in the long term, not a sustainable
management method. EC
>The use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a
rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological
diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and
aspirations of present and future generations (CBD). EEA
>Use of the environment and its living resources at a rate that does
not exceed its capacity for renewal in order to ensure its availability
for future generations. FAO3
>The use of components of biological diversity in a way and at a
rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological
diversity, thereby maintaining its potential to meet the needs and
aspirations of present and future generations. WSM
>(Sustainable yield of aquifers) Quantity that can be extracted from
an aquifer on a sustainable basis. Theoretically, the sustainable yield
is equal to recharge but it is in most cases considered less than
recharge as it must also allow for adequate provision of water to
sustain streams, springs, wetlands and groundwater dependent
ecosystems. Abstractions from renewable groundwater are therefore
considered to be unsustainable if the yearly amount abstracted exceeds
the amount of recharge multiplied by a factor that allows for such
needs.
DSS3
>In expert systems, a value that cannot be determined during a consultation. Many expert systems can accommodate uncertainty; that is, they allow the user to indicate whether he or she does not know the answer. FAO3
>1) In general, the incompleteness of knowledge about the states and
processes in nature. 2) In statistics and risk analysis, refers to the
estimated amount (or percentage) by which an observed or calculated
value may differ from the true value. 3) Lack of perfect knowledge of
many factors that affect stock assessments, estimation of biological
reference points, and management. 4) An expression of the degree to
which a future condition (e.g., of an ecosystem) is unknown.
Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement
about what is known or even knowable. It may have many types of
sources, from quantifiable errors in the data to ambiguously defined
terminology or uncertain projections of human behaviour. Notes: Sources
of uncertainty include measurement error (in observed quantities),
process error (or natural population variability, e.g. in recruitment),
model error (mis-specification of assumed values or population model
structure), estimation error (in population parameters or reference
points, due to any of the preceding types of errors), and
implementation error (or the inability to implement management controls
for whatever reason). HQUA
>Uncertainty analysis - Quantification of uncertainty in model
results due to incomplete knowledge of model parameters, input data,
boundary conditions and conceptual model. In an uncertainty analysis
the combined effects of these uncertainties are taken into account. NW >Uncertainty is an expression of the degree to which a value (e.g., the future state of the climate system) is unknown
AQUASTAT
>Total volume of water obtained through the development of new
technologies. The non conventional resources considered will be water
generations (productions) that comes either from the desalination of
sea and brackish waters, or the waste water regeneration for reuse.
Comment AQUASTAT> These sources should be accounted for separately
-as they are artificial productions normally used by specific users-,
and should be indicated in term of production capacity, at a given time
rather than as production statistics. This category gathers essentially
water production from desalination of sea and brackish waters, and from
waste water regeneration for reuse. Conventional sources ( fresh
surface and groundwater resources) remain predominant in water use,
with the exception of few countries (often islands) with very scarce
water resources which had to find out non-conventional solutions from
the very beginning. WSM >The sum of desalinated water resources and reused treated wastewater.
AQUASTAT
>The worth of good or service, generally measured in terms of what
we are willing to pay for it, less what it costs to supply it. Intrisic
value - The worth of something in itself regardless of whether it
serves as an instrument for satisfying individuals' needs and
preferences. DEP
>Environmental value - A quality, characteristic or attribute that
is conducive to ecological health or any beneficial us, which requires
protection from the effects of pollution, waste discharges and
deposits. Two types of environmental value are considered, ecological
and social. Social value - A particular value or use of the for eg.
marine environment that is important for public benefit, welfare,
safety or health and which requires protection from the effects of
pollution, waste discharges and deposits. EC
>Intrisic value - The variability among living organisms that form
ecological complexes that are termed ecosystems, the summation of which
is terrestrial, aquatic, and marine global biodiversity. The intrinsic
value of biodiversity is in the interdependent biological functions and
processes (BDP 2000). FAO 1
>the worth of good or service, generally measured in terms of what
we are willing to pay for it, less what it costs to supply it. IDRC >Estimated worth of water depending on multiple factors, i.e. availability, level of treatment required, etc. OECD
>Use value - A value obtained through the use of an environmental or cultural asset. Existence value - The value to an individual of knowing that a particular environmental or cultural asset exists. It is independent of any use that the person may make of the asset. Non-Market value - The value of an asset not reflected in market prices. Generally it includes non-use values and those indirect use values (such as certain ecosystem services) and option or quasi-option values for which there is no market. Non-use value - The value to humans derived purely from the fact that an environmental or cultural asset exists, even if they never intend to use it or see it in person. It is can be further sub-divided into existence value and bequest value. Option value - The benefits accruing to individuals not from the actual use of an environmental asset, but from the option to use it in the future.
AQUASTAT
>It is the amount of food the country must import to compensate for
the lack of water necessary for agricultural production. A new concept
called “virtual water” is not to be mistaken with green water. “Virtual
water“ gives an indication of the quantity of water that could have
been necessary for producing the same amount of food which is imported
in a country water scarce. WWC >Water used to produce a good or service. For example, 1 kilogram of wheat contains at least 1,000 litres of virtual water.
AQUASTAT
>Water which is of no further immediate value to the purpose for
which it was used or in the pursuit of which it was produced because of
its quality, quantity or time of occurrence. However, waste water from
one user can be a potential supply to a user elsewhere. Cooling water
is not considered to be waste water . BC
>(1) A combination of liquid and water-carried pollutants from
homes, businesses, industries, or farms; a mixture of water and
dissolved or suspended solids. (2) That water for which, because of
quality, quantity, or time of occurrence, disposal is more economical
than use at the time and point of its occurrence. Waste water to one
user may be a desirable supply to the same or another user at a
different location. Also referred to as Domestic Wastewater. DEP
>Water which has been used for some purpose and would normally be
treated and discarded. Wastewater often contains significant quantities
of pollutants ECA >Water that carries wastes from homes, businesses, and industries; a mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids EPA 1
>The spent or used water from a home, community, farm, or industry
that contains dissolved or suspended matter.Water Pollution: The
presence in water of enough harmful or objectionable material to damage
the water's quality. Wastewater that has been subjected to one or more
physical, chemical, and biological processes to reduce its potential of
being health hazard. FAO 1
>Water which is of no further immediate value to the purpose for
which it was used or in the pursuit of which it was produced because of
its quality, quantity or time of occurrence. However, waste water from
one user can be a potential supply to a user elsewhere. Cooling water
is not considered to be waste water. FC100 >Water that has been used and is no longer clean. MNWRU
>A combination of the liquid or water-carried wastes removed from residences, institutions, commercial and industrial establishments together with groundwater, surface water and storm water as may be present. It has no further immediate value to the process that produced it. MWDO
>Water that has been previously used by a municipality, industry or
agriculture and has suffered a loss of quality as a result. NDWR
>(1) A combination of liquid and water-carried pollutants from
homes, businesses, industries, or farms; a mixture of water and
dissolved or suspended solids. (2) That water for which, because of
quality, quantity, or time of occurrence, disposal is more economical
than use at the time and point of its occurrence. Waste water to one
user may be a desirable supply to the same or another user at a
different location. Also referred to as Domestic Wastewater. SFWMD
>The waterborne discharge from residences, commercial buildings,
industrial plants and institutions together with any groundwater,
surface runoff or leachate that may be present. UNEP1
>Water that carries wastes from homes, businesses, and industries.
It is usually a mixture of water and dissolved or suspended solids. USEA
>water containing waste including greywater, blackwater or water
contaminated by waste contact, including process-generated and
contaminated rainfall runoff.
ECA
>(Wastewater treatement plant) A facility containing a series of
tanks, screens, filters, and other processes by which pollutants are
removed from water. FAO 1
>Process to render waste water fit to meet applicable environmental
standards or other quality norms for recycling or reuse. Three broad
types of treatment are distinguished in the questionnaire: primary,
secondary and tertiary . For purposes of calculating the total amount
of treated waste water, volumes and loads reported should be shown only
under the "highest" type of treatment to which it was subjected. NB :
Waste water treatment does not include collection of sewage or storm
water, even when no treatment will be possible without collection. NDWR
>Sewage Treatment - The processing of wastewater for the removal or
reduction of contained solids or other undesirable constituents. UNEP1
>(Wastewater treatment plant) A facility containing a series of
tanks, screens, filters, and other processes by which pollutants are
removed from water. UN-HABITAT
>Percentage of all wastewater undergoing some form of treatment. Forms of treatment include primary treatment, which screen and sediment sewage to remove grosser debris; secondary treatment, which reduce Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) to acceptable levels by microbial oxidation using activated sludge or a trickle filter; tertiary treatment, which reduce BOD still further through micro-straining or filtering, the microbial removal of phosphates and nitrates, and disinfection using chlorine or ozone. WB1
>(Wastewater treatment) The process of removing pollutants from
water that has been used. There are different stages of treatment.
Primary sewage treatment involves screening the water to remove the
largest solids from wastewater and then letting the water sit in
settling tanks so that the smaller solids and particles sink to the
bottom. Secondary treatment involves another stage in which microbes
added to the wastewater to eat the biological pollutants, or the
wastewater is put through another filter. Then the treated water is
disinfected and released back into nature. The more steps included in
the treatment, the more expensive the process.
BC
>The liquid that descends from the clouds in rain and which forms
streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living
matter. Pure water consists of Hydrogen (11.188 percent by weight) and
Oxygen (88.812 percent by weight) in the proportion of two atoms of
hydrogen to one of oxygen (H2O), and is an odorless, tasteless,
transparent liquid which is very slightly compressible. It has a
slightly blue color which is observable only in thick layers of the
liquid. At its maximum density, 39.2EF (or 4EC), it is the standard for
specific gravities, one cubic centimeter weighing one gram. Water's
weight per gallon (at 15EC or 59EF) is 8.337 pounds (3.772 kilograms).
It is also the standard for specific heats. Its own specific heat is
very great. It freezes at 32EF (0EC) and boils at 212EF (100EC) under
atmospheric pressure at sea level. Pure water is an extremely poor
conductor of electric current, although many Aqueous (water-based)
solutions are conductors. Water is the most important of solvents,
dissolving many gases, liquids, and solids. Natural waters of the
earth, as those of springs, rivers, or the oceans, contain more or less
dissolved matter, which is mostly removed by distillation. Rain water
is nearly pure. Water is important chemically as a solvent and
dissociating agent, as a catalytic agent, and often as one of the
substances taking part in a chemical reaction. Ordinary water,
described above, is a mixture of molecules containing hydrogen of
atomic weight 1, with a small proportion (about 0.015 per cent) of
molecules containing hydrogen of atomic weight 2. This later kind of
water, termed Heavy Water or Deuterium Oxide, D2O, can be separated by
fractional electrolysis or distillation and in other ways and is used
as a moderator in certain nuclear reactors. DEP
>A substance composed essentially of the chemical elements hydrogen
and oxygen and found in liquid, solid, and gaseous states. Water is
plentiful though not always in the right places; it is vital to life
participating in virtually every process that occurs in plants and
animals, and in the environment. as a liquid, water is colourless,
tasteless, and odourless, with a marked ability to dissolve many other
substances. water is the working fluid of steam systems, and a heating
or cooling medium. Impurities and pollutants may impair the efficient
use of water and threaten public health. ECA
>An odourless, tasteless, colourless liquid formed by a combination
of hydrogen and oxygen; forms streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major
constituent of all living matter. HQUA
>Liquid phase of a chemical compound consisting of approximately two
parts by weight of hydrogen and 16 parts by weight of oxygen. In nature
it contains small amounts of heavy water, gases and solids (mainly
salts) in solution. NDWR
> The liquid that descends from the clouds in rain and which forms
streams, lakes, and seas, and is a major constituent of all living
matter. Pure water consists of Hydrogen (11.188 percent by weight) and
Oxygen (88.812 percent by weight) in the proportion of two atoms of
hydrogen to one of oxygen (H2O), and is an odorless, tasteless,
transparent liquid which is very slightly compressible. It has a
slightly blue color which is observable only in thick layers of the
liquid. At its maximum density, 39.2EF (or 4EC), it is the standard for
specific gravities, one cubic centimeter weighing one gram. Water's
weight per gallon (at 15EC or 59EF) is 8.337 pounds (3.772 kilograms).
It is also the standard for specific heats. Its own specific heat is
very great. It freezes at 32EF (0EC) and boils at 212EF (100EC) under
atmospheric pressure at sea level. Pure water is an extremely poor
conductor of electric current, although many Aqueous (water-based)
solutions are conductors. Water is the most important of solvents,
dissolving many gases, liquids, and solids. Natural waters of the
earth, as those of springs, rivers, or the oceans, contain more or less
dissolved matter, which is mostly removed by distillation. Rain water
is nearly pure. Water is important chemically as a solvent and
dissociating agent, as a catalytic agent, and often as one of the
substances taking part in a chemical reaction. Ordinary water,
described above, is a mixture of molecules containing hydrogen of
atomic weight 1, with a small proportion (about 0.015 per cent) of
molecules containing hydrogen of atomic weight 2. This later kind of
water, termed Heavy Water or Deuterium Oxide, D2O, can be separated by
fractional electrolysis or distillation and in other ways and is used
as a moderator in certain nuclear reactors. Water - (1) To pour or
sprinkle on, make wet. (2) To dilute or weaken by adding water. (3) To
irrigate land. (4) To take on a supply of water, as a ship. (5) To
drink water, as an animal. (6) Any of various forms of water, for
example, fresh water, waste water, etc.; often waters, as naturally
occurring mineral water, such as those at a spa. (7) A body of water
such as a sea, lake, river, or stream; waters, as a particular stretch
of sea or ocean, especially that of a state or country, for example,
U.S. waters.
EEA
>Body of surface water - A discrete and significant element of
surface water such as a lake, reservoir, a stream, river or canal, part
of a stream, river or canal, a transitional water or a stretch of
coastal water. FAO3
>1) Also 'waters'. Landscape features comprising any body of water,
standing of flowing, including the water column, littoral zones and
bed, such us the sea, lakes, river or stream, etc. 2) Any mass of water
having definite hydrological, physical, chemical and biological
characteristics and which can be employed for one or several purposes. SAGE
>Distinct and significant volume of water. For example, for surface
water: a lake, a reservoir, a river or part of a river, a stream or
part of a stream. For groundwat
FAO 1
>Water abstracted which is no longer available for use because it
has evaporated, transpired, been incorporated into products and crops,
consumed by man or livestock, ejected directly to the sea or into
evaporation areas (blind watershed) or otherwise removed from
freshwater resources. Water losses during the transport of water
between the point or points of abstraction and the point or points of
use are excluded. Unit: billion m3/year. Comment: It includes net
consumption (part of withdrawals that is not rejected after use). NDWR
>A use which lessens the amount of water available for another use
(e.g., water that is used for development and growth of plant tissue or
consumed by humans or animals). (2) A use of water thatrenders it no
longer available because it has been evaporated, transpired by plants,
incorporated into products or crops, consumed by people or livestock,
or otherwise removed from water supplies. (3) The portion of water
withdrawn from a surface or groundwater source that is consumed for a
particular use (e.g., irrigation, domestic needs, and industry), and
does not return to its original source or another body of water. The
terms Consumptive Use and Nonconsumptive Use are traditionally
associated with water rights and water use studies, but they are not
completely definitive. No typical consumptive use is 100 percent
efficient; there is always some return flow associated with such use
either in the form of a return to surface flows or as a ground water
recharge. Nor are typically nonconsumptive uses of water entirely
nonconsumptive. There are evaporation losses, for instance, associated
with maintaining a reservoir at a specified elevation to support fish,
recreation, or hydropower, and there are conveyance losses associated
with maintaining a minimum streamflow in a river, diversion canal, or
irrigation ditch. UNEP2
>Consumptive water use. Water abstracted which is no longer
available for use because it has evaporated, transpired, been
incorporated into products and crops, consumed by man or livestock,
ejected directly to the sea or into evaporation areas or otherwise
removed from freshwater resources. UN-HABITAT >Average consumption of water in liters per day per person, for all domestic uses (excludes industrial). USGS
>Cosumptive use - The quantity of water that is not available for
immediate reuse because it has been evaporated, transpired, or
incorporated into products, plant tissue, or animal tissue. Also
referred to as "water consumption". WWC
>Water delivered to a use that is evaporated or incorporated into
products and organisms, such that it becomes unavailable to other users.
WWC
>The current widespread and chronic lack of access to safe and
affordable drinking water and sanitation, the high incidence of
water-related diseases, the destruction of wetlands, and the
degradation of water quality in rivers and lakes.
BC
> NDWR
>Water Loss 1) The sum of water lost from a given land area during a
specified time period by transpiration, evaporation, and interception.
(2) In irrigation, seepage and evaporation from land and ditches;
excess water drained from the land surfaces and the deep percolation.
The basic concept is that water loss is equal to evapotranspiration,
that is, water that returns to the atmosphere and thus is no longer
available for use. However, the term is also applied to differences
between measured inflow and outflow even where part of the difference
may be sSeepage. 3) Water Losses - Water which is unavailable or lost
from a particular containment system. FAO 1
>Unaccounted for water: Discrepancy between water flows leaving the
works and the total sum of all water received by the consumers;
although mainly leakages, it include significant metering errors and
unknown/illegal diversions. This concept is more commonly used for the
drinking water sector. USGS
>The difference between the average precipitation over a drainage
basin and the water yield from the basin for a given period. (After
Williams and others, 1940, p. 3. ) The basic concept is that water loss
is equal to evapotranspiration, that is, water that returns to the
atmosphere and thus is no longer available for use. However, the term
is also applied to differences between measured inflow and outflow even
where part of the difference may be seepage.
DEP
>(1) (Environmental, General) Actions designed to lessen or reduce
adverse impacts; frequently used in the context of environmental
assessment. (2) (NEPA) Action taken to avoid, reduce the severity of,
or eliminate an adverse impact. Mitigation can include one or more of
the following: [1] avoiding impacts; [2] minimizing impacts by limiting
the degree or magnitude of an action; [3] rectifying impacts by
restoring, rehabilitating, or repairing the affected environment; [4]
reducing or eliminating impacts over time; and [5] compensating for the
impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments
to offset the loss. (3) Refers to a sequence of considerations designed
to help manage environmental impacts, which includes (in order of
preference) avoid, minimise, rectify, reduce and offset. The concept
originated from a Memorandum of Agreement between the US EPA derived
from a Department of the Army - EPA on Mitigation, 1990. EC
>Action taken to prevent, avoid or minimise the actual or potential
adverse impacts of a policy, plan, programme or project. It may involve
abandoning or modifying a proposal, relocating it, changing the focus
from new development to improved performance of existing facilities etc. SAFFIRE
>Water mitigation and remediation essentially refers to reducing the
impact of water pollution. Measures to be taken to recuperate already
polluted water or sites fall under this category. Of particular
importance here is phytoremediation - the use of plants for cleaning up
contaminants in soil, groundwater, surface water and air.
AQUASTAT
>1) the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water
in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. 2)
applicability of water for irrigation. This is determined by the amount
and the type of salt. To determine the water quality the potential
salinity, water infiltration rate and toxicity are taken into account BC
>1) A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a
particular purpose. (2) The chemical, physical, and biological
condition of water related to beneficial use. DEP >The physical, chemical and biological measures of water characteristics. ECA
>A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a
particular use. EEA >Physical, chemical, biological and organoleptic (taste-related) properties of water. EPA 1
>(Water Quality Criteria) Levels of water quality expected to render
a body of water suitable for its designated use. Criteria are based on
specific levels of pollutants that would make the water harmful if used
for drinking, swimming, farming, fish production, or industrial
processes. FAO 1
>Water quality: (water suitability) 1) the chemical, physical and
biological characteristics of water in respect to its suitability for a
particular purpose (Lo, 1992);Comment: 2) applicability of water for
irrigation. This is determined by the amount and the type of salt. To
determine the water quality the potential salinity, water infiltration
rate and toxicity are taken into account ( FAO, 1989). FAO 2
> Water quality - The chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a
particular use FAO3 >The chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. IDRC >Physical, chemical and biological properties of water. MNWRU
>WQM - Planning for the protection of water quality for various Beneficial Uses, for the provision of adequate wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal for municipalities and industries, and for activities that might create water quality problems, and regulating and enforcing programmes to accomplish the planning goals and laws and regulations dealing with water. NDWR
>Water Quality - (1) A term used to describe the chemical, physical,
and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its
suitability for a particular purpose. (2) The chemical, physical, and
biological condition of water related to beneficial use. SAFFIRE
>Water quality refers to the quality of water in rivers, lakes,
streams or watercourses, as well as the quality of potable or drinking
water. It takes into account, chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics in describing and evaluating the quality of water, and
verify the fitness of water for a specific use, such as aquatic
habitat, drinking water for humans, and irrigation. A variety of
standards, criteria and guidelines, as well as laws and regulations,
have been developed to characterize water quality UNEP1
>A term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological
characteristics of water with respect to its suitability for a
particular use. USGS
>A. The condition of water or some water-related resource as
measured by biological surveys, habitat-quality assessments,
chemical-specific analyses of pollutants in water bodies, and toxicity
tests (USEPA/OST). B. The condition of water or some water-related
resource as measured by the following: habitat quality, energy
dynamics, chemical quality, hydrological regime, and biotic factors
(Ohio EPA).
FAO 1
>water requirement - Theoretical concept defined by the necessities
and purposes of the activity generating it, and the efficiency of water
uses - for a given quantity and quality- in relation with the results.
Therefore this need is, most of the time, expressed per unit (per
capita, irrigated hectares, production unit). The water need has a
normative ( a reference used for current demand calculation) and
forecasting. It is independent from the supply volume. FAO 2
> Water need - Also "water requirement". Theoretical concept defined by the necessities and purposes of the activity generating it, and the efficiency of water uses - for a given quantity and quality - in relation with the results. Therefore this need is usually expressed per unit (per capita, irrigated hectares, production unit). Is independent from the supply volume.
IDRC >This occurs when the amount of water is low in proportion to the demand. MNWRU >Situation in which the annual internal renewable water resources are below 1,000 m3 per capita.
EEA
>UNEP2
>Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the available
amount during a certain period or when poor quality restricts its use.
Water stress causes deterioration of fresh water resources in terms of
quantity (aquifer over-exploitation, dry rivers, etc.) and quality
(eutrophication, organic matter pollution, saline intrusion, etc.). MNWRU >Situation in which the annual internal renewable water resources are between 1,000 and 1,667 m3 per capita. WWC >an indicator of insufficient water of satisfactory quality and quantity to meet human and environmental needs.
AQUASTAT >Delivery of water to final users plus net abstraction of water for own final use (self-supply). BC
>(1) Any quantity of available water; a Water System. (2) The water
available for a community or region. (3) The source and delivery system
of such water. ECA >(water supply system) The collection, treatment, storage, and distribution of potable water from source to consumer. EEA
>EPER
>Water supply refers to the share of water abstraction which is
supplied to users (excluding losses in storage, conveyance and
distribution). FAO 1
>Delivery of water to final users plus net abstraction of water for
own final use (self-supply). FC100 >Amount of water available for human and other uses WWF >The net total of water resulting from precipitation, water inflows from upstream and water losses in a given area.
AQUASTAT
>Use of water by agriculture, industry, energy production and
households, including in-stream uses such as fishing, recreation,
transportation and waste disposal. Water use/Ex situ - Annual gross
quantity of water produced and used for agricultural, industrial and
domestic purposes. It does not include other in situ-uses :energy,
mining, recreation, navigation, fisheries and the environment, which
are typically non consumptive uses of water. BC
>The amount of water needed or used for a variety of purposes
including drinking, irrigation, processing of goods, power generation,
and other uses. The amount of water used may not equal the amount of
water withdrawn due to water transfers or the recirculation or
recycling of the same water. For example, a power plant may use the
same water a multiple of times but withdraw a significantly different
amount. Use (Water) - This term, when referring specifically to water
use, is normally preceded by one of the following descriptive terms:
[1] Conjunction Water - The integrated use of surface and subsurface
water supplies and facilities, normally involving storage of surplus
waters when available, for use during periods when water supplies are
deficient. [2] Consumptive Water - The quantity of water discharged to
the atmosphere or incorporated in the products in the process of
vegetative growth, food processing, industrial processes, or other
uses. [3] Consumption Irrigation - The quantity of water that is
absorbed by the crop and transpired or used directly in the building of
plant tissue together with that evaporated from the cropped area. [4]
Multiple - The conscientious management of the various renewable
resources such as water, wood, forage, wildlife, and recreation
resources, to obtain sustained yield of products and services in the
combination that will best meet the needs of the public now and in the
future. FAO 1
>Water use (ex-situ): (demands, water productions) Annual gross
quantity of water produced and used for agricultural, industrial and
domestic purposes. It does not include other in situ-uses :energy,
mining, recreation, navigation, fisheries and the environment, which
are typically non consumptive uses of water. Unit: billion m3/year.
Comment: The typology of water use is independent from the source of
water. Demands are covered by water productions : withdrawals from
natural sources, fossil water abstraction ( non-renewable production),
non conventional water productions ( reuse, desalination). The use of
desalinated and treated wastewater is thus included. There are also
referred to as non-conventional sources of water. Further information:
water use =agricultural water use+ domestic water use+ industrial use.
Some country, may use 'water withdrawal' when speaking about "water
use" ; however it is not correct when non conventional waters are used
(water withdrawal is then lower than water use). Source: modified from
AQUASTAT publications by AGLW experts. FAO 2
> Three types are distinguished: withdrawal, where water is taken from a river, or surface or underground reservoir, and after use returned to a natural water body; consumptive, which starts with withdrawal but without any return (e.g. irrigation) and is no longer available directly for subsequent uses; non-withdrawal, the in situ use of a water body for, e.g. navigation, fishing, recreation, effluent disposal and power generation. FC100
>Agriculture Water Use—Includes water used for agricultural irrigation and non-irrigation purposes. Irrigation water use includes the artificial application of water on lands to assist in the growing of crops, plants, and pasture, or to maintain vegetative growth in recreational lands, parks and golf courses. Non-irrigation water use includes water used for livestock, fish, farming and other farm needs. HQUA
>Water is used for a number of purposes: Water supply for drinking
water, irrigation, and industry (including food production), as a
recipient of waste water from the public sector, industry and
agriculture, for transport, for energy production, for recreation,
riverine and other ecosystems, and Biodiversity. IRR
>consumptive [] Total amount of water taken up by vegetation for
transpiration or building of plant tissue, plus the unavoidable
evaporation of soil moisture, snow, and intercepted precipitation
associated with vegetal growth. (ASAE, 1998) nonconsumptive [] Water
that leaves the selected region and not considered consumptive.
Examples are runoff, deep percolation, and canal spills.(Burt et al,
1997) beneficial [BU] Beneficial use of water supports the production
of crops: food, fiber, oil, landscape, turf, ornamentals, or forage.
...(Burt et. al 1997) nonbeneficial [] Water utilized in plant growth
which can not be attributed as beneficial. reasonable [] In the context
of irrigation performance, all beneficial uses are considered to be
reasonable uses.Non-beneficial uses are considered to be reasonable if
they are justified under the particular conditions at a particular time
and place. (Burt et at, 1997) unreasonable [] Unreasonable uses are
non-beneficial uses that, furthermore, are not reasonable; that is,
they are without economic, practical, or other justification. (Burt et
al, 1997) NDWR
>Use (Water) - This term, when referring specifically to water use,
is normally preceded by one of the following descriptive terms: [1]
Conjunction Water - The integrated use of surface and subsurface water
supplies and facilities, normally involving storage of surplus waters
when available, for use during periods when water supplies are
deficient. [2] Consumptive Water - The quantity of water discharged to
the atmosphere or incorporated in the products in the process of
vegetative growth, food processing, industrial processes, or other
uses. [3] Consumption Irrigation - The quantity of water that is
absorbed by the crop and transpired or used directly in the building of
plant tissue together with that evaporated from the cropped area. [4]
Multiple - The conscientious management of the various renewable
resources such as water, wood, forage, wildlife, and recreation
resources, to obtain sustained yield of products and services in the
combination that will best meet the needs of the public now and in the
future. UNEP2
>Use of water by agriculture, industry, energy production and
households, including in-stream uses such as fishing, recreation,
transportation and waste disposal WWC
>The renewable resources withdrawn from surface and groundwater for
human use. Part of this is returned after use and subsequently reused
or left in nature.
